The English Legal System - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2811 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Introduction to English Law Before the Norman conquest, different areas in England were governed by the different law system. The law system based on the local custom hence, the law is varied from place to place. Thus, the King had only little control over the country as a whole and there was no effective central government. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The English Legal System" essay for you Create order In 1066, William the Conqueror gained England throne and established a strong central government and began to standardize the law. The main purposes were to consolidate his power and to ease the tax collection. The representatives of King were sent out to the countryside to check the local administration and the jobs were given to adjudicating in local disputes according to local law (Elliott, 2007). Soon, a common law had been produced through many discussion and sifting process on the various customs from the different part of country. However, the common law was too rigid and harsh. Thus, the law of equity was established and acted as supplement or remedies to the common law where the application of the common law was too harshly (Law Teacher, 2014). In fact, English Law was established through the evaluation from common law and equity law. The principles behind common law are still used today in creating case law. The English Law was only adapted in England and Wales. This is because the United Kingdom (UK) was established by the union of four separate nations, which is consists of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. However, there are three legal systems in UK. England and Wales have a same court system which is adopting English Law while the Scotland has another court system, Scot Law its own Parliament. The third court system in Northern Ireland is adopting common law. However, there are still certain areas which are governed by the main UK Parliament. Besides that, UK is one of the members of the European Union as well as being a signatory of the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR). In this easy will be mainly focused on the Legal System of England and Wales and writes about the sources for English law. Sources of Law The sources for UK Law came into existence by various ways. However, the main sources of UK law are the Statue law, Case law and the European Law which is also called as the primary source. It refers to the law itself, is original and authoritative statements of law (Library, 2012) Statue Law or Legislation is the main source of UK law it is applied to the whole UK. According to Kelly (2011), the UK constitutional law recognized that the Parliament had the power to enact or revoke any new law as it sees fit. Parliament consists of three distinct elements: House of Commons, the House of Lords and the Monarch. Since the Parliament is the supreme legal authority in UK, therefore, the legislation that passed by the Parliament is superior to all other sources of law and it may not be challenged in courts (Library, 2012). The legislative process normally will be started with a Bill. It must be given three reading in both the House of Commons and the House of Lords before it present ed for the royal assent. A bill must passed through the first reading, second reading, committee stage, report stage and the third reading (Kelly, 2000). Case Law is another important source of UK law which created by judges in the course of deciding cases. The doctrine of stare decisis or binding precedent refers to the fact that courts are bound by previous decisions of courts which are equal or above them in the court hierarchy but not necessarily by those inferior courts (Kelly, 2000). In other words, when judges try cases, they will check to see whether a similar situation has already come before a court. If the precedent was set by the other equal or higher courts, the judge should follow the rule of law that have been established in the earlier case (Kelly, 2000). The European Economic Community (EEC) which is now changed to European Community (EU) came into existence in 1957. UK joined the community in 1973. In order to be admitted as a member, UK Parliament passed the European Communities Act 1972 and agreed that the EU law is effective in UK courts (Maclntyre, 2007). EU law represents a very important source of UK law as it superior to national law and stands supreme. There are different forms of EU law including treaties, regulations, directives and decisions (Elliott, 2007). All the legislations are binding on Member States and have to be adhered to. In addition, EU law was made by the Council, the Commission and the European Parliament. It starts with a proposal from the Commission, yet the Council has the bigger power in the legislative process. The other sources of UK law are known as the secondary sources which refer to the commentaries on the law. Other sources of UK law including custom, textbook, and the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR). The custom was the basis of common law. Although most of the custom rules have been revoked, but it still plays a small part in modern law. For instance, it used is in a case where a tr aditional local practice is being challenged (Elliott, 2007). The requirements that a local custom must satisfy in order to be recognized are: have existed from time immemorial that is 1189; have been exercised continuously within that period; have been exercised peacefully and without opposition; have been felt to be obligatory; be capable of precise definition; have been consistent with other customs and must be reasonable. However, custom law was not so important for UK law. The Human Rights Act 1998 came into effect in October 2000. This act incorporates the main provisions of the ECHR into UK law. However, the implementation is not complete as Parliamentary sovereignty is preservedi (Maclntyre, 2007). Academic textbooks are one of the secondary sources of law in UK. For example, Smith Hoganà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Criminal Law. Court Structure Based on the historical reasons, UK does not have a single unified legal. Instead, there are three types of court systems in UK. The same court system is applied in England and Wales which have consist of five levels. The highest level jurisdiction is the House of Lords, followed by Court of Appeal, High Court, County Court, Crown Court and Magistrates Courts. Figure 1 Court Structure in UK The Figure 1 shows the structure of the courts system in England and Wales. The different types of case are deal with the specific courts. Basically, the court structure has divided into two sections which are between the civil and criminal law. Criminal and Civil Courts The crimes are offences against the law of the land and are usually prosecuted by the State (Kelly, 2011). Criminal cases are heard in different courts depending on the seriousness. There are three types of criminal offences: summary offences, which are the least serious criminal cases and tried by Magistrates without recourse to a jury; indictable offences, which are the most serious criminal cases and it required to be tried before a judge and jury in the Crown Court; either way offences, which are open to trial in either of the preceding ways. At the moment, the decision as to whether the case is heard in the Magistrate court or the Crown court is decided by the accused (Kelly, 2000).The appeals from Crown Court will the sent to High Court and might send to the Court of Appeal and even the Supreme Court (Judiciary, 2014). Civil actions are between individuals. Civil cases are normally heard by the Magistrates and County Court (Judiciary, 2014). However, the Magistrate court h as limited but important civil jurisdiction in licensing and especially for the family proceeding court under the Children Act 1989. The County court try personal injuries cases that worth up to  £ 50,000 and other actions up to  £25,000.The appeals will be heard by the High Court and the Court of Appeal by the different division such as Family, Chancery or Queenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Bench (Kelly, 2011). Superior and Subordinate Courts The legal system has divide into senior courts and subordinate courts. The senior court has more authority than others subordinate courts (Elsa, 2013). In other words, the judges seat on the subordinate courts are bound to follow the decisions of the senior courts. The House of Lords which is formerly called the Supreme Court now, held the highest power among the other courts. The House of Lords was the highest appeal court in England and Wales. However, the Supreme Court replaced the House of Lords in year 2009. Same with the House of Lords, it hears appeals from the Court of Appeal and the High Court but only in exceptional circumstances such as very serious criminal case (Judiciary, 2014). It also hears appeal from the Court of Session in Scotland. The appeals normally consist of five Justices the maximum is nine (Justis, 2013). Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is the final court of appeal for certain Commonwealth countries that have retained this option (Kelly, 201 1). Most of the appeals heard by the Committee is civil cases and rarely heard criminal cases that relating legal questions; the Committee does not hear the appeal against the criminal sentence. However, some of the functions of the Committee were taken over by the new Supreme Court in 2009 (Justis, 2013). In UK the Superior courts are known as senior courts, the senior courts in England and Wales consists of the Court of Appeal, followed by High Court and Crown Court. In other words, the decisions made by the Court of Appeal must be followed by the High Court and the Crown Court. The Court of Appeal has two divisions which is the Civil Division that hears appeal from the High Court and County Court as well as certain superior tribunals. Criminal Division only hears the appeal from Crown Court that connected with the serious crime. The decisions of Court of Appeal may be appealed to the Supreme Court (Kelly, 2000). High Court is functioned as civil court of first request an d appellate court for civil and criminal cases from the subordinate courts (Kelly, 2011). High Court also has divided into three divisions which consist of the Queenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Bench Division (QBD), Chancery Division and the Family division. Moreover, each division has a confusingly named Divisional Court which hears appeal from other legal fora (Kelly, 2000). The divisions of High Court are not separate courts yet, the particular kinds of cases will be sent to each division depending on the subject matter (Elsa, 2013). QBD heard the civil cases related to the contract and tort cases. The Commercial Court is part of the QBD. It is staff by judges with specialist experience in commercial law; the Chancery Division heard cases relating to equity, trust, tax, partnership, bankruptcy and land (FindLaw UK, 2014); the Family Division dealt with all the matrimonial matters including custody of children, adoption, and divorce. Besides that, the decisions of the High Court may be appealed to the Court of Appeal. Crown Court is a criminal court of both original and appellate jurisdiction. It dealt with the indictable criminal cases that have been appealed from Magistrates Court including with the serious criminal cases such as murder, rape and robbery (Elsa, 2013). The decisions of the Crown Court may be appealed to the Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal. The subordinate courts in England and Wales consist of County Court, followed by Magistrates Court, Youth Court and Tribunals services. In other words, the County Court is the highest level of court in the subordinate court among the other. Thus, the decisions made by County Court must be followed by the others. The County Court only dealt with civil matters including the most matter under the value of  £ 5000. For instance, claims for repayment of debts, breach of contract for goods or property, family issues and etc. The cases in County Court are heard by a judge without a jury. The d ecision of County Court may be appealed to the High Court. The Magistrates Court dealt with summary criminal cases and committals to the Crown Court including the simple civil case from youth courts, with gaming and liquor. Cases in Magistrates Court are normally heard by either a panel of three Magistrates or by a District Judge without a jury (FindLaw UK, 2014). The criminal decisions of Magistrate Court may be appealed to Crown Court, while the civil decisions may be appealed to the County Court. The Magistrate Court is presided over by a bench of lay magistrates or justices of the peace which is not legally qualified or a legally trained district judge who is formerly known as stipendiary magistrate sitting in each local justice area (Justis, 2013). Youth Court is similar to the Magistrates court and it dealt with the offender who is under age 18. The Youth Court is presided over by a specially trained subset of experienced adult magistrates or a district judge. In additio n, Youth Court is never opened to public (FindLaw UK, 2014). There are many other specialist courts in UK. They often described as Tribunals rather than Courts. The Tribunals Service was created on 3 April 2006 (Judiciary, 2014). It makes decisions on the matters including immigration, criminal injuries compensation, social security, education, employment, tax, lands, and children support. The decisions of Tribunals may be appealed to the High Court (Justis, 2013). There is a similar court system in Northern Ireland which also consists of five levels including: the Supreme court, followed by the Court of Appeal, High Court, Crown Court, County Court and Magistrate Court. The court system of Scotland has consists of four levels including the Supreme Court and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, followed by the Court of Session and the High Court of Justiciary and followed by the Sheriff Court and Distinct Court. Relevant Case PHOTOLIBRARY GROUP LTD V BURDA SENATOR [2008] Fact: The Photolibrary Group Ltd (claimant) has supplied the Burda Senator (defendant) a German Publisher of gardening magazines with their non-digital photographic transparencies for over a number of years. The transparencies were sent to Burdaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s London office with a delivery note that included terms and conditions of business. The delivery note has stated that in the event of loss while in the possession of the customer, a fee varying from  £450 to  £750 per item should be paid to claimant. The defendants lost nearly two thousand of the claimantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s transparencies and the claimants claimed over  £1.2 million under a clause in the delivery note. However, the defendant argued that there was never a contract relating to the transparencies also, the delivery note was not part of the contract as they had never signed it. Their only obligation was to take reasonable care of the t ransparencies while in their possession. Held: The case was held on High Court, the judge held that the delivery note was part of the contract between claimant and the defendant. The delivery note was to be treated as an offer which was accepted by the acceptance of the transparencies and their onward transmission to Germany. On the other hands, regardless of who made the offer and acceptance, the terms in the delivery note were simply incorporated through the previous course of dealing between the parties. Thus, the claimant was successful in establishing a contract and its terms included the provisions covering compensation for loss (Management, 2008) It means that, when a business has been concluded regularly by the same parties with the same basis over a number of years, it can be assume that the contractual position is understood by both sides. In this case, the parties were used to deal with each other and a well-established business practice had developed. The judge commented that where goods are delivered by way of business from one to another, it will be very uncommon that there is no contract between those parties. Conclusion As a conclusion, many of the features of the English legal system have their roots in mediaeval England. The English law has not been codified to a great extent. The law which originated in the Kingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s or Queenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s courts is known as common law. The sources for English law was came from various ways. It was due to the membership of EU and being a signatory of the ECHR and etc. The key features of English law consist of Continuity, Absence of codification, the system of precedent, the judiciary and the common law and equity. UK court structure is very confusing due to its three legal systems. England and Wales have the same legal system and law. Scotland has its own system of law and courts. Northern Ireland has a similar system to England and Wales. Basically, the court system structure has divided into two distinct sectors under the criminal and civil laws. The criminal law is designed to punish wrongdoer who have broken the criminal law. Ci vil law is designed to compensate those who have been injured by others in certain ways. .

Who Shot John F. Kennedy - 2616 Words

WHO SHOT JFK The assassination of President John. F. Kennedy on the 22nd November 1963 shook America to its core. Indeed, it can be argued that America has never really recovered from the events in Dallas on that day. The weekend after the assassination, a poll showed that â…” of Americans believed there was a conspiracy – that Lee Harvey Oswald did not act alone . This remains a widely held view. For the American people, it perhaps seemed too much to bear that one man had killed the President. As Evan Thomas put it, â€Å"when something terrible happens in the life of a nation, there has to be a reason for it. It is not good enough to say, ‘Some nut with a rifle killed JFK.’ Such a monstrous thing - there must be a monstrous plot. † After the third shot rang out, Jacqueline Kennedy screamed, â€Å"my God, they killed him†, whilst Governor Connally responded â€Å"Theyre going to kill us all. † From the start, the presumption was that there was a ‘they’. Considering the enemies America possessed at this time, it seemed obvious to assume that the President’s assassination was a conspiracy. This essay will contend that this was a psychological, rather than an intellectual, response, borne of great sorrow and lack of surety of the American place in the world, with Vietnam ongoing, still a ‘police action’ and not a declared war, and the Cuban Missile Crisis not long in the past. This has obscured the simpler view – that it was relatively easy for one, disaffected and murderous (for it isShow MoreRelatedWho Shot John F. Kennedy Essay4239 Words   |  17 PagesWho Shot John F. Kennedy On November 22nd, 1963 America lost its innocence. It also perhaps lost its trust, trust in the American Government. In a gallop pole in 1960, 89% of the American population trusted the government. Since then it has dropped to less than to . That means that since the early 1960s over 70% of the population lost its trust in the Federal Government. While there may be different reasons why many people lost their trust, the most major one was probably the assassinationRead MoreThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy982 Words   |  4 Pages O’Reilly and Dugard’s book, Killing Kennedy, is about the events leading to President John F. Kennedy being shot, as well as what happened after the assassination. This book also describes the rise and fall of John F. Kennedy. The authors also wrote about the Cold War, Kennedy dealing with communism, and threats of crime. January of 1961, the cold war was growing stronger and Kennedy was struggling with communism. During all of this happening, he was learning what it meant to be a president. HeRead MoreThe Assassination of John F Kennedy1477 Words   |  6 Pagesassassination of John F. Kennedy. The theories are as diverse as the outcomes of investigations conducted at the time of his assassination and continuing to present day. There are many who resolutely believe that Lee Harvey Oswald was a deranged lone gunman with no ties whatsoever to any other person or organization with regard to Kennedys murder. In fact, this group is able to cite some compelling evidence to support this viewpoint. Then, there are others who insist that John F. Kennedys murderRead Moreâ€Å"Forgive Your Enemies, But Never Forget Their Names.† –John1302 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Forgive your enemies, but never forget their names.† –John F Kennedy This quote was said by a man who was once someone that the American people would call the 35th President of the United States. John F. Kennedy was a very young President, as well as a very good looking president. Women would swoon over the idea of John F. Kennedy but also be jealous of his wife that he was married to at the time. John F. Kennedy is well known for his affair with Marilyn Monroe the world’s leading bombshell blondeRead MoreHistorical Investigation Report On John F. Kennedy1543 Words   |  7 PagesPresident John F. Kennedy sits with his wife, Jackie, in the back of a limo (O’Reilly 257). Their driver, Bill Greer, takes them through the streets of Dallas, as people crowd the sidewalks to catch a glimpse of their beloved president. President Kennedy waves as people cheer and applaud him. Then a shot rings out, followed rapidly by two more shots. The people of Dallas are horrified as they watch President Kennedy’s head jolt back, blood spattering all over the frantic Jackie Kennedy. The limoRead MoreAssassination of John F. Kennedy931 Words   |  4 PagesThe John F. Kennedy assassination is believed to be one of the most controversial and debated topics in American History. JFK was one of the most beloved presidents of our time. Other assassinations of presidents didn’t have as many Conspiracy theories compared to the JFK assassination on November 22nd, 1963. Some of the theories include a Government cover-up, Mafia influence, and Cuban President Fidel Castro (Stern). The assassination of John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas, raised many questions thatRead MoreThe Assassination Of President John F. Kennedy1376 Words   |  6 PagesLee Harvey Oswald and the assassination of President John F. Kennedy November 22, 1963 (Jennings), a day that changed American history, and a day that’s events still haunt the nation of freedom and liberty. Whether it be Jacqueline Kennedy’s pained cries or the hoodless limousine, a piece of this day in history lies in every American’s mind. The assassination of President John F. Kennedy, the thirty-fifth President of the United States of America (Bugliosi 11), to this day has several conspiraciesRead MoreAssassination of John F Kennedy1119 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Texas School Book Depository Building. However, did Lee Harvey Oswald, a crazy lunatic act alone in the assassination of President Kennedy. Both first – hand knowledge and visual evidence allows people to re – examine the events of this day and prove that there were other gunmen involved in the bombardment of our youngest elected president. John F. Kennedy was depicted as a nationwide hero to many Catholics living in the U.S. during the early 1960’s. He was idolized by several Americans especiallyRead MoreCauses and Effects of the Assassination of John F. Kennedy Essay1347 Words   |  6 Pages(â€Å"JFK’s†). This encouraging quote was given by a man who literally shot for the stars all the way up until the day he was shot down. While being the youngest and first Roman Catholic president, John F. Kennedy always motivated and encouraged America to strive for the best. Until a horrible silence struck the American people, he was removed from society in 1963. There were many believed causes regarding Kennedy’s death. There is the belief that Oswald shot him as a lone gun man. There are also other theoriesRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy : The Man Behind The President1561 Words   |  7 PagesJohn F. Kennedy: The Man behind the President John F. Kennedy changed America in a way in which no President had done before. His election was the beginning of a term that would be one of the most memorable and one of the most tragic in the history of United States Presidents. However, to fully understand John F. Kennedy’s term, and why it was so influential, we must first look into who he was as a person. The understanding of John F. Kennedy can be found in his childhood, his presidency, his death

Change and World free essay sample

If you could change the world, what would you do? I have heard people give answers like the following: l would start a foundation that will eradicate child labor, provide homes for street kids and ensure every child gets quality education. l would change the way politics is done in Nigeria. I would make it true democracy: government by the people and for the people. l would change Newlywed. I would raise the bar, make great movies that will be nominated for Oscar awards. l would put Nigeria In the Science Hall of Fame.I would Invent something revolutionary enough to gain the attention of the whole world. I would write amazing fiction Like Stephen King, J. K. Rolling and Dan Brown. Books that will have cult-Like following worldwide. l would change the way we live, do things and treat others. There Is enough In the world to go round. I will make sure that the rich dont keep getting rich off the poor. We will write a custom essay sample on Change and World or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All these answers Inspire. Each answer Is borne out of a powerful dream: a dream of who the answerer wants to become. And me?If I could change the world, what would I do? I would help people think for themselves, make their own choices and live the lives they truly want. Until recently, it was just a dream. A fantasy. And thats where most of us stop. We know what to do to change the world: we know how to go about doing it. But we just dont do it; we stop at the dream part. We live our entire lives as aspiring presidents, aspiring movie producers, aspiring artists, aspiring authors, aspiring human right activists, aspiring world renowned scientists and aspiring thought leaders. We look at those who have become what we aspire to come, and think that they were lucky. We look at the professionals, and attribute their success to luck I began taking steps on doing what I would do if could change the world, because I can change the world. I can help people think for themselves; I can help people make their own choices and live the life they truly want. I am already living my dream, doing what I would do if I could change the world. And if I dont succeed in changing the world, I know that I have changed my own world. I have become the man of my dreams.

Traditional role of women in modern society free essay sample

A man is incomplete without a woman, and a woman is incomplete without a man. These two species work together to keep the cycle of life going. One cannot function without the other but one is also different from the other. Religion has divided and has helped men and women understand their duties and responsibilities. There is a great deal of balance between these roles. According to all three religious traditions, women are responsible for maintaining the home while the men work to provide financial stability to the family. This ideology has been regarded as â€Å"sexist† in modern society. In today’s age, society demands equality for both men and women, politically and economically. This â€Å"feminist† theory has led to the rejection of traditional roles of women laid out in Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. If not rejection all together, it has definitely posed challenges for women of these faiths to keep up with their traditions. We will write a custom essay sample on Traditional role of women in modern society or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In most of these religions, women are discouraged from taking on roles of religious leadership but even the religions have been giving thought on altering their ideologies to accommodate feminism. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam share a commonality by describing the role of a woman to be of a homemaker, which is greatly challenged by modern society. The primary role of a Jewish woman is to focus on becoming a good mother, wife, and keeper of the household. Before the rise of modernism, women depended on men economically unless they inherited money from their fathers. Men were to earn and provide financial support while women looked after the wellness of the home. In Talmud, it says, â€Å"all the blessings of the household come through the wife, therefore should her husband honor her. †1 A woman is not merely her husband’s slave. The work that she has been given to do, has a lot of value in Judaism and the religion demands that her husband honor his wife in return. In Judaism, women are not obliged to perform certain commandments because their domestic roles are top priority. However, if they are capable and choose to, then they may. Preserving the righteous atmosphere of the home is just as important, if not more, than going to the synagogue for offering religious service. In the Talmud, women are discouraged to follow higher education or religious pursuits because as a result, they might neglect their duties as wives, mothers, and housekeepers. This stopped Jewish woman from acquiring leadership roles in the secular society and religious life. However, today’s Reform and Conservative Judaism reforms allow women to participate actively in the synagogue. On another note, Judaism has great respect for this traditional role of women. If a woman successfully fulfills this role, she is considered virtuous. Since Judaism and Christianity evolved from the same ancient tradition, it is given that the roles assigned to women in each religion would be similar. The primary role of a woman in Christianity, likewise, is to dedicate her life to the service of her home. Ephesians says, â€Å"Wives, submit to your own husbands as you do to the Lord. †2 In this verse, duty to ones husband has been placed right beside submission to the Lord. This creates an understanding the two fundamental roles of a Jewish woman: worship and homemaker. Men are to submit themselves to their wives in return, with love, support, and stability. Furthermore, when someone knows their role in a play, they focus on trying their best to fulfill that role and when each individual in a drama does that, the overall product impeccable. One player helps the other in creating a scene, thus creating a harmonious play. Likewise, if both the husband and wife know their roles and practice it with understanding, it keeps the family together and makes for a harmonious marriage. In Proverbs, it says, â€Å"She watches over the affairs of her household and does not eat the bread of idleness. †3 A wife maintains the stability of her and should not slack in doing so. On another note, because so much emphasis has been laid on being a housewife, women have been excluded from the leadership roles of the church in earlier traditions. They were not allowed to hold any sort of religious authority or be considered spiritually equal to me. This ideology came much after Christ. People may argue that Christianity is demeaning and sexist to women because of the ideas some religious leaders in its history may have developed. For example, Martin Luther said, â€Å"The word and works of God is quite clear, that women were made either to be wives or prostitutes. 4 However, Jesus Christ recognized women as equals of men. According to John Paul II, Jesus always showed the greatest esteem and respect for woman. 5 He even incorporated them into his close cycle of followers. Therefore, allowing woman to be equals of men in terms of piety, just like the religion Islam. Islam claims to be a â€Å"universal† religion as it accepts all the prophets that have ever come under God’s divine guidance. The teachings of Moses and Jesus are also viewed and incorporated in Islam. From the past two religions discussed, it has become evident that the traditional role of a woman is that of a wife and a mother. Likewise, Islam has laid out the same roles for women. The man is the leader of the home, he deals with all of the external businesses while the woman does the other. The Holy Quran says, â€Å"Men are appointed guardians over women. †6 A woman is emotionally strong, bears children and looks after them, has influence over her husband’s mentality, and plays a significant role in family life. Islam recognizes this significance and raises the status of a woman as Prophet Mohammed states â€Å"Paradise lies under the feet of your mother. †7 Islam respects a woman’s role so much that it has established a means of achieving paradise by being dutiful to ones mother. Another role of a Muslim woman is to obtain an education. This role is not found in either Christianity or Judaism because, according to religious leaders, education would lead to a woman neglecting her duties as a wife and mother. The leader of Islam thought otherwise; prophet Mohammed states, â€Å"Seeking knowledge is obligatory upon every Muslim man and woman. †8 Islam says a woman does not have to obtain an education just to go out and work; rather a woman should be obtaining an education to improve her overall character and benefit her family. In order to raise educated and mannered children, the mother needs to be educated herself. If the next generation is raised in the right manner, it will grow to become a better society. Therefore, educated women play a significant role in the positive progression of society as a whole. At this point, it is evident that Judaism, Christianity, and Islam share a commonality in addressing the roles of women. The primary role of a woman in all three religions is that of preserving the unity of her home. She is to look after her children, making sure they grow up under good circumstances. She is also to devote her self to her husband and provide for his needs. In all three religions, women have not been given the privilege of taking on roles of religious leadership. Particularly in Judaism and Islam, women are exempt from fulfilling certain commandments and are not obliged to go to the Synagogue or Mosque to offer prayers. However, they do not stop a woman from carrying on with these commandments if she wishes to do so. A more important issue that needs to be discussed in this essay is how to incorporate these traditional roles with modern life. The modern society is still patriarchal and will always be. Men are dominant, not only according to religion, but nature and society as well. Christianity and Judaism discourage women from obtaining an education because that might affect their performance as wives and mothers. However, feminism in the modern society demands that women obtain an education, and apply it to the work force. Women out in the work force had disturbed the balance of the home greatly. Nowadays, the value of a mother is not properly understood because she has listened to the calls of the world, leaving her primary duties as a wife and mother behind. Religion made it easy for a woman to live, as her husband would financially support her while she stabilized the home. It seems that men also require that their wives help in raising the income of the family, which in most cases, leaves the children with less attention than needed. In order to have harmony in an institution, there needs to be a leader. Marriage is an institution in which a man has been appointed the leader. If this leadership is preserved, there will be harmony in the marriage. Islam has allowed a little more liberalism to women than Judaism and Christianity when it says that if a husband is in need, his wife can work to help him out. This teaching can be easily observed in today’s modern age. Many Muslim women live by their traditional roles. Their utmost duty is unto their children, once they have that under control, they may wish to work and help their husband in increasing the income of their homes. Doing this is completely abiding by Islamic tradition whereas, it would not be with the other two traditions as they have strictly given women the role of homemaker. It is challenging for Christian and Jewish women to abide by their traditions because of the demanding needs of society. However, there are still women of these faiths today that practice their traditional roles. The Jewish Synagogue has come to accept women into leadership roles of the church. Likewise, Christianity also recognizes that women can be pious and demonstrate leadership abilities in the church. For example, nuns devote their entire lives to the serve of Christianity and maintaining purity. On the other hand, women in Islam are known to be equals of men in terms of spirituality, but cannot lead prayer in the mosque. The modern society demands leadership of women in the institutions of society but religious tradition requires them to stay at home and let their men do the work. Furthermore, modernism has take over this age, leaving religion behind. These traditional roles, despite being for the betterment of society, have been reduced in importance. Conclusively, men and women have been assigned certain roles to help them go through life. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam command women to submit themselves to their husbands and the service of their homes. These religions show that in order for there to be harmony in the home, the roles and responsibilities must be divided between husband and wife. In terms of leadership, Christianity and Judaism went from discouraging women to participate in religious offering to allowing them to accept seats in the hierarchy of the church or synagogue. This change is cause by the growing need of feminism, the thought that there should be more women in power. Islam remains the same today, as women are still not allowed to lead prayer in the mosque. However, Muslim women are permitted to take on leadership roles in society, just like Christian and Jewish women. It is important to understand that the principal teachings of these religions have not changed but women have merely stepped away from them and have called for a feminist reform. These teachings still remain the true teachings of the three religions and there are many women in the world who still abide by them. Particularly, the traditional role of a woman has been, and will always remain that of the homemaker, whether they chose to live by it or not.