The English Legal System - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2811 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Introduction to English Law Before the Norman conquest, different areas in England were governed by the different law system. The law system based on the local custom hence, the law is varied from place to place. Thus, the King had only little control over the country as a whole and there was no effective central government. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The English Legal System" essay for you Create order In 1066, William the Conqueror gained England throne and established a strong central government and began to standardize the law. The main purposes were to consolidate his power and to ease the tax collection. The representatives of King were sent out to the countryside to check the local administration and the jobs were given to adjudicating in local disputes according to local law (Elliott, 2007). Soon, a common law had been produced through many discussion and sifting process on the various customs from the different part of country. However, the common law was too rigid and harsh. Thus, the law of equity was established and acted as supplement or remedies to the common law where the application of the common law was too harshly (Law Teacher, 2014). In fact, English Law was established through the evaluation from common law and equity law. The principles behind common law are still used today in creating case law. The English Law was only adapted in England and Wales. This is because the United Kingdom (UK) was established by the union of four separate nations, which is consists of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. However, there are three legal systems in UK. England and Wales have a same court system which is adopting English Law while the Scotland has another court system, Scot Law its own Parliament. The third court system in Northern Ireland is adopting common law. However, there are still certain areas which are governed by the main UK Parliament. Besides that, UK is one of the members of the European Union as well as being a signatory of the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR). In this easy will be mainly focused on the Legal System of England and Wales and writes about the sources for English law. Sources of Law The sources for UK Law came into existence by various ways. However, the main sources of UK law are the Statue law, Case law and the European Law which is also called as the primary source. It refers to the law itself, is original and authoritative statements of law (Library, 2012) Statue Law or Legislation is the main source of UK law it is applied to the whole UK. According to Kelly (2011), the UK constitutional law recognized that the Parliament had the power to enact or revoke any new law as it sees fit. Parliament consists of three distinct elements: House of Commons, the House of Lords and the Monarch. Since the Parliament is the supreme legal authority in UK, therefore, the legislation that passed by the Parliament is superior to all other sources of law and it may not be challenged in courts (Library, 2012). The legislative process normally will be started with a Bill. It must be given three reading in both the House of Commons and the House of Lords before it present ed for the royal assent. A bill must passed through the first reading, second reading, committee stage, report stage and the third reading (Kelly, 2000). Case Law is another important source of UK law which created by judges in the course of deciding cases. The doctrine of stare decisis or binding precedent refers to the fact that courts are bound by previous decisions of courts which are equal or above them in the court hierarchy but not necessarily by those inferior courts (Kelly, 2000). In other words, when judges try cases, they will check to see whether a similar situation has already come before a court. If the precedent was set by the other equal or higher courts, the judge should follow the rule of law that have been established in the earlier case (Kelly, 2000). The European Economic Community (EEC) which is now changed to European Community (EU) came into existence in 1957. UK joined the community in 1973. In order to be admitted as a member, UK Parliament passed the European Communities Act 1972 and agreed that the EU law is effective in UK courts (Maclntyre, 2007). EU law represents a very important source of UK law as it superior to national law and stands supreme. There are different forms of EU law including treaties, regulations, directives and decisions (Elliott, 2007). All the legislations are binding on Member States and have to be adhered to. In addition, EU law was made by the Council, the Commission and the European Parliament. It starts with a proposal from the Commission, yet the Council has the bigger power in the legislative process. The other sources of UK law are known as the secondary sources which refer to the commentaries on the law. Other sources of UK law including custom, textbook, and the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR). The custom was the basis of common law. Although most of the custom rules have been revoked, but it still plays a small part in modern law. For instance, it used is in a case where a tr aditional local practice is being challenged (Elliott, 2007). The requirements that a local custom must satisfy in order to be recognized are: have existed from time immemorial that is 1189; have been exercised continuously within that period; have been exercised peacefully and without opposition; have been felt to be obligatory; be capable of precise definition; have been consistent with other customs and must be reasonable. However, custom law was not so important for UK law. The Human Rights Act 1998 came into effect in October 2000. This act incorporates the main provisions of the ECHR into UK law. However, the implementation is not complete as Parliamentary sovereignty is preservedi (Maclntyre, 2007). Academic textbooks are one of the secondary sources of law in UK. For example, Smith Hoganà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Criminal Law. Court Structure Based on the historical reasons, UK does not have a single unified legal. Instead, there are three types of court systems in UK. The same court system is applied in England and Wales which have consist of five levels. The highest level jurisdiction is the House of Lords, followed by Court of Appeal, High Court, County Court, Crown Court and Magistrates Courts. Figure 1 Court Structure in UK The Figure 1 shows the structure of the courts system in England and Wales. The different types of case are deal with the specific courts. Basically, the court structure has divided into two sections which are between the civil and criminal law. Criminal and Civil Courts The crimes are offences against the law of the land and are usually prosecuted by the State (Kelly, 2011). Criminal cases are heard in different courts depending on the seriousness. There are three types of criminal offences: summary offences, which are the least serious criminal cases and tried by Magistrates without recourse to a jury; indictable offences, which are the most serious criminal cases and it required to be tried before a judge and jury in the Crown Court; either way offences, which are open to trial in either of the preceding ways. At the moment, the decision as to whether the case is heard in the Magistrate court or the Crown court is decided by the accused (Kelly, 2000).The appeals from Crown Court will the sent to High Court and might send to the Court of Appeal and even the Supreme Court (Judiciary, 2014). Civil actions are between individuals. Civil cases are normally heard by the Magistrates and County Court (Judiciary, 2014). However, the Magistrate court h as limited but important civil jurisdiction in licensing and especially for the family proceeding court under the Children Act 1989. The County court try personal injuries cases that worth up to  £ 50,000 and other actions up to  £25,000.The appeals will be heard by the High Court and the Court of Appeal by the different division such as Family, Chancery or Queenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Bench (Kelly, 2011). Superior and Subordinate Courts The legal system has divide into senior courts and subordinate courts. The senior court has more authority than others subordinate courts (Elsa, 2013). In other words, the judges seat on the subordinate courts are bound to follow the decisions of the senior courts. The House of Lords which is formerly called the Supreme Court now, held the highest power among the other courts. The House of Lords was the highest appeal court in England and Wales. However, the Supreme Court replaced the House of Lords in year 2009. Same with the House of Lords, it hears appeals from the Court of Appeal and the High Court but only in exceptional circumstances such as very serious criminal case (Judiciary, 2014). It also hears appeal from the Court of Session in Scotland. The appeals normally consist of five Justices the maximum is nine (Justis, 2013). Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is the final court of appeal for certain Commonwealth countries that have retained this option (Kelly, 201 1). Most of the appeals heard by the Committee is civil cases and rarely heard criminal cases that relating legal questions; the Committee does not hear the appeal against the criminal sentence. However, some of the functions of the Committee were taken over by the new Supreme Court in 2009 (Justis, 2013). In UK the Superior courts are known as senior courts, the senior courts in England and Wales consists of the Court of Appeal, followed by High Court and Crown Court. In other words, the decisions made by the Court of Appeal must be followed by the High Court and the Crown Court. The Court of Appeal has two divisions which is the Civil Division that hears appeal from the High Court and County Court as well as certain superior tribunals. Criminal Division only hears the appeal from Crown Court that connected with the serious crime. The decisions of Court of Appeal may be appealed to the Supreme Court (Kelly, 2000). High Court is functioned as civil court of first request an d appellate court for civil and criminal cases from the subordinate courts (Kelly, 2011). High Court also has divided into three divisions which consist of the Queenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Bench Division (QBD), Chancery Division and the Family division. Moreover, each division has a confusingly named Divisional Court which hears appeal from other legal fora (Kelly, 2000). The divisions of High Court are not separate courts yet, the particular kinds of cases will be sent to each division depending on the subject matter (Elsa, 2013). QBD heard the civil cases related to the contract and tort cases. The Commercial Court is part of the QBD. It is staff by judges with specialist experience in commercial law; the Chancery Division heard cases relating to equity, trust, tax, partnership, bankruptcy and land (FindLaw UK, 2014); the Family Division dealt with all the matrimonial matters including custody of children, adoption, and divorce. Besides that, the decisions of the High Court may be appealed to the Court of Appeal. Crown Court is a criminal court of both original and appellate jurisdiction. It dealt with the indictable criminal cases that have been appealed from Magistrates Court including with the serious criminal cases such as murder, rape and robbery (Elsa, 2013). The decisions of the Crown Court may be appealed to the Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal. The subordinate courts in England and Wales consist of County Court, followed by Magistrates Court, Youth Court and Tribunals services. In other words, the County Court is the highest level of court in the subordinate court among the other. Thus, the decisions made by County Court must be followed by the others. The County Court only dealt with civil matters including the most matter under the value of  £ 5000. For instance, claims for repayment of debts, breach of contract for goods or property, family issues and etc. The cases in County Court are heard by a judge without a jury. The d ecision of County Court may be appealed to the High Court. The Magistrates Court dealt with summary criminal cases and committals to the Crown Court including the simple civil case from youth courts, with gaming and liquor. Cases in Magistrates Court are normally heard by either a panel of three Magistrates or by a District Judge without a jury (FindLaw UK, 2014). The criminal decisions of Magistrate Court may be appealed to Crown Court, while the civil decisions may be appealed to the County Court. The Magistrate Court is presided over by a bench of lay magistrates or justices of the peace which is not legally qualified or a legally trained district judge who is formerly known as stipendiary magistrate sitting in each local justice area (Justis, 2013). Youth Court is similar to the Magistrates court and it dealt with the offender who is under age 18. The Youth Court is presided over by a specially trained subset of experienced adult magistrates or a district judge. In additio n, Youth Court is never opened to public (FindLaw UK, 2014). There are many other specialist courts in UK. They often described as Tribunals rather than Courts. The Tribunals Service was created on 3 April 2006 (Judiciary, 2014). It makes decisions on the matters including immigration, criminal injuries compensation, social security, education, employment, tax, lands, and children support. The decisions of Tribunals may be appealed to the High Court (Justis, 2013). There is a similar court system in Northern Ireland which also consists of five levels including: the Supreme court, followed by the Court of Appeal, High Court, Crown Court, County Court and Magistrate Court. The court system of Scotland has consists of four levels including the Supreme Court and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, followed by the Court of Session and the High Court of Justiciary and followed by the Sheriff Court and Distinct Court. Relevant Case PHOTOLIBRARY GROUP LTD V BURDA SENATOR [2008] Fact: The Photolibrary Group Ltd (claimant) has supplied the Burda Senator (defendant) a German Publisher of gardening magazines with their non-digital photographic transparencies for over a number of years. The transparencies were sent to Burdaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s London office with a delivery note that included terms and conditions of business. The delivery note has stated that in the event of loss while in the possession of the customer, a fee varying from  £450 to  £750 per item should be paid to claimant. The defendants lost nearly two thousand of the claimantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s transparencies and the claimants claimed over  £1.2 million under a clause in the delivery note. However, the defendant argued that there was never a contract relating to the transparencies also, the delivery note was not part of the contract as they had never signed it. Their only obligation was to take reasonable care of the t ransparencies while in their possession. Held: The case was held on High Court, the judge held that the delivery note was part of the contract between claimant and the defendant. The delivery note was to be treated as an offer which was accepted by the acceptance of the transparencies and their onward transmission to Germany. On the other hands, regardless of who made the offer and acceptance, the terms in the delivery note were simply incorporated through the previous course of dealing between the parties. Thus, the claimant was successful in establishing a contract and its terms included the provisions covering compensation for loss (Management, 2008) It means that, when a business has been concluded regularly by the same parties with the same basis over a number of years, it can be assume that the contractual position is understood by both sides. In this case, the parties were used to deal with each other and a well-established business practice had developed. The judge commented that where goods are delivered by way of business from one to another, it will be very uncommon that there is no contract between those parties. Conclusion As a conclusion, many of the features of the English legal system have their roots in mediaeval England. The English law has not been codified to a great extent. The law which originated in the Kingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s or Queenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s courts is known as common law. The sources for English law was came from various ways. It was due to the membership of EU and being a signatory of the ECHR and etc. The key features of English law consist of Continuity, Absence of codification, the system of precedent, the judiciary and the common law and equity. UK court structure is very confusing due to its three legal systems. England and Wales have the same legal system and law. Scotland has its own system of law and courts. Northern Ireland has a similar system to England and Wales. Basically, the court system structure has divided into two distinct sectors under the criminal and civil laws. The criminal law is designed to punish wrongdoer who have broken the criminal law. Ci vil law is designed to compensate those who have been injured by others in certain ways. .

Who Shot John F. Kennedy - 2616 Words

WHO SHOT JFK The assassination of President John. F. Kennedy on the 22nd November 1963 shook America to its core. Indeed, it can be argued that America has never really recovered from the events in Dallas on that day. The weekend after the assassination, a poll showed that â…” of Americans believed there was a conspiracy – that Lee Harvey Oswald did not act alone . This remains a widely held view. For the American people, it perhaps seemed too much to bear that one man had killed the President. As Evan Thomas put it, â€Å"when something terrible happens in the life of a nation, there has to be a reason for it. It is not good enough to say, ‘Some nut with a rifle killed JFK.’ Such a monstrous thing - there must be a monstrous plot. † After the third shot rang out, Jacqueline Kennedy screamed, â€Å"my God, they killed him†, whilst Governor Connally responded â€Å"Theyre going to kill us all. † From the start, the presumption was that there was a ‘they’. Considering the enemies America possessed at this time, it seemed obvious to assume that the President’s assassination was a conspiracy. This essay will contend that this was a psychological, rather than an intellectual, response, borne of great sorrow and lack of surety of the American place in the world, with Vietnam ongoing, still a ‘police action’ and not a declared war, and the Cuban Missile Crisis not long in the past. This has obscured the simpler view – that it was relatively easy for one, disaffected and murderous (for it isShow MoreRelatedWho Shot John F. Kennedy Essay4239 Words   |  17 PagesWho Shot John F. Kennedy On November 22nd, 1963 America lost its innocence. It also perhaps lost its trust, trust in the American Government. In a gallop pole in 1960, 89% of the American population trusted the government. Since then it has dropped to less than to . That means that since the early 1960s over 70% of the population lost its trust in the Federal Government. While there may be different reasons why many people lost their trust, the most major one was probably the assassinationRead MoreThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy982 Words   |  4 Pages O’Reilly and Dugard’s book, Killing Kennedy, is about the events leading to President John F. Kennedy being shot, as well as what happened after the assassination. This book also describes the rise and fall of John F. Kennedy. The authors also wrote about the Cold War, Kennedy dealing with communism, and threats of crime. January of 1961, the cold war was growing stronger and Kennedy was struggling with communism. During all of this happening, he was learning what it meant to be a president. HeRead MoreThe Assassination of John F Kennedy1477 Words   |  6 Pagesassassination of John F. Kennedy. The theories are as diverse as the outcomes of investigations conducted at the time of his assassination and continuing to present day. There are many who resolutely believe that Lee Harvey Oswald was a deranged lone gunman with no ties whatsoever to any other person or organization with regard to Kennedys murder. In fact, this group is able to cite some compelling evidence to support this viewpoint. Then, there are others who insist that John F. Kennedys murderRead Moreâ€Å"Forgive Your Enemies, But Never Forget Their Names.† –John1302 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Forgive your enemies, but never forget their names.† –John F Kennedy This quote was said by a man who was once someone that the American people would call the 35th President of the United States. John F. Kennedy was a very young President, as well as a very good looking president. Women would swoon over the idea of John F. Kennedy but also be jealous of his wife that he was married to at the time. John F. Kennedy is well known for his affair with Marilyn Monroe the world’s leading bombshell blondeRead MoreHistorical Investigation Report On John F. Kennedy1543 Words   |  7 PagesPresident John F. Kennedy sits with his wife, Jackie, in the back of a limo (O’Reilly 257). Their driver, Bill Greer, takes them through the streets of Dallas, as people crowd the sidewalks to catch a glimpse of their beloved president. President Kennedy waves as people cheer and applaud him. Then a shot rings out, followed rapidly by two more shots. The people of Dallas are horrified as they watch President Kennedy’s head jolt back, blood spattering all over the frantic Jackie Kennedy. The limoRead MoreAssassination of John F. Kennedy931 Words   |  4 PagesThe John F. Kennedy assassination is believed to be one of the most controversial and debated topics in American History. JFK was one of the most beloved presidents of our time. Other assassinations of presidents didn’t have as many Conspiracy theories compared to the JFK assassination on November 22nd, 1963. Some of the theories include a Government cover-up, Mafia influence, and Cuban President Fidel Castro (Stern). The assassination of John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas, raised many questions thatRead MoreThe Assassination Of President John F. Kennedy1376 Words   |  6 PagesLee Harvey Oswald and the assassination of President John F. Kennedy November 22, 1963 (Jennings), a day that changed American history, and a day that’s events still haunt the nation of freedom and liberty. Whether it be Jacqueline Kennedy’s pained cries or the hoodless limousine, a piece of this day in history lies in every American’s mind. The assassination of President John F. Kennedy, the thirty-fifth President of the United States of America (Bugliosi 11), to this day has several conspiraciesRead MoreAssassination of John F Kennedy1119 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Texas School Book Depository Building. However, did Lee Harvey Oswald, a crazy lunatic act alone in the assassination of President Kennedy. Both first – hand knowledge and visual evidence allows people to re – examine the events of this day and prove that there were other gunmen involved in the bombardment of our youngest elected president. John F. Kennedy was depicted as a nationwide hero to many Catholics living in the U.S. during the early 1960’s. He was idolized by several Americans especiallyRead MoreCauses and Effects of the Assassination of John F. Kennedy Essay1347 Words   |  6 Pages(â€Å"JFK’s†). This encouraging quote was given by a man who literally shot for the stars all the way up until the day he was shot down. While being the youngest and first Roman Catholic president, John F. Kennedy always motivated and encouraged America to strive for the best. Until a horrible silence struck the American people, he was removed from society in 1963. There were many believed causes regarding Kennedy’s death. There is the belief that Oswald shot him as a lone gun man. There are also other theoriesRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy : The Man Behind The President1561 Words   |  7 PagesJohn F. Kennedy: The Man behind the President John F. Kennedy changed America in a way in which no President had done before. His election was the beginning of a term that would be one of the most memorable and one of the most tragic in the history of United States Presidents. However, to fully understand John F. Kennedy’s term, and why it was so influential, we must first look into who he was as a person. The understanding of John F. Kennedy can be found in his childhood, his presidency, his death

Change and World free essay sample

If you could change the world, what would you do? I have heard people give answers like the following: l would start a foundation that will eradicate child labor, provide homes for street kids and ensure every child gets quality education. l would change the way politics is done in Nigeria. I would make it true democracy: government by the people and for the people. l would change Newlywed. I would raise the bar, make great movies that will be nominated for Oscar awards. l would put Nigeria In the Science Hall of Fame.I would Invent something revolutionary enough to gain the attention of the whole world. I would write amazing fiction Like Stephen King, J. K. Rolling and Dan Brown. Books that will have cult-Like following worldwide. l would change the way we live, do things and treat others. There Is enough In the world to go round. I will make sure that the rich dont keep getting rich off the poor. We will write a custom essay sample on Change and World or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All these answers Inspire. Each answer Is borne out of a powerful dream: a dream of who the answerer wants to become. And me?If I could change the world, what would I do? I would help people think for themselves, make their own choices and live the lives they truly want. Until recently, it was just a dream. A fantasy. And thats where most of us stop. We know what to do to change the world: we know how to go about doing it. But we just dont do it; we stop at the dream part. We live our entire lives as aspiring presidents, aspiring movie producers, aspiring artists, aspiring authors, aspiring human right activists, aspiring world renowned scientists and aspiring thought leaders. We look at those who have become what we aspire to come, and think that they were lucky. We look at the professionals, and attribute their success to luck I began taking steps on doing what I would do if could change the world, because I can change the world. I can help people think for themselves; I can help people make their own choices and live the life they truly want. I am already living my dream, doing what I would do if I could change the world. And if I dont succeed in changing the world, I know that I have changed my own world. I have become the man of my dreams.

Traditional role of women in modern society free essay sample

A man is incomplete without a woman, and a woman is incomplete without a man. These two species work together to keep the cycle of life going. One cannot function without the other but one is also different from the other. Religion has divided and has helped men and women understand their duties and responsibilities. There is a great deal of balance between these roles. According to all three religious traditions, women are responsible for maintaining the home while the men work to provide financial stability to the family. This ideology has been regarded as â€Å"sexist† in modern society. In today’s age, society demands equality for both men and women, politically and economically. This â€Å"feminist† theory has led to the rejection of traditional roles of women laid out in Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. If not rejection all together, it has definitely posed challenges for women of these faiths to keep up with their traditions. We will write a custom essay sample on Traditional role of women in modern society or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In most of these religions, women are discouraged from taking on roles of religious leadership but even the religions have been giving thought on altering their ideologies to accommodate feminism. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam share a commonality by describing the role of a woman to be of a homemaker, which is greatly challenged by modern society. The primary role of a Jewish woman is to focus on becoming a good mother, wife, and keeper of the household. Before the rise of modernism, women depended on men economically unless they inherited money from their fathers. Men were to earn and provide financial support while women looked after the wellness of the home. In Talmud, it says, â€Å"all the blessings of the household come through the wife, therefore should her husband honor her. †1 A woman is not merely her husband’s slave. The work that she has been given to do, has a lot of value in Judaism and the religion demands that her husband honor his wife in return. In Judaism, women are not obliged to perform certain commandments because their domestic roles are top priority. However, if they are capable and choose to, then they may. Preserving the righteous atmosphere of the home is just as important, if not more, than going to the synagogue for offering religious service. In the Talmud, women are discouraged to follow higher education or religious pursuits because as a result, they might neglect their duties as wives, mothers, and housekeepers. This stopped Jewish woman from acquiring leadership roles in the secular society and religious life. However, today’s Reform and Conservative Judaism reforms allow women to participate actively in the synagogue. On another note, Judaism has great respect for this traditional role of women. If a woman successfully fulfills this role, she is considered virtuous. Since Judaism and Christianity evolved from the same ancient tradition, it is given that the roles assigned to women in each religion would be similar. The primary role of a woman in Christianity, likewise, is to dedicate her life to the service of her home. Ephesians says, â€Å"Wives, submit to your own husbands as you do to the Lord. †2 In this verse, duty to ones husband has been placed right beside submission to the Lord. This creates an understanding the two fundamental roles of a Jewish woman: worship and homemaker. Men are to submit themselves to their wives in return, with love, support, and stability. Furthermore, when someone knows their role in a play, they focus on trying their best to fulfill that role and when each individual in a drama does that, the overall product impeccable. One player helps the other in creating a scene, thus creating a harmonious play. Likewise, if both the husband and wife know their roles and practice it with understanding, it keeps the family together and makes for a harmonious marriage. In Proverbs, it says, â€Å"She watches over the affairs of her household and does not eat the bread of idleness. †3 A wife maintains the stability of her and should not slack in doing so. On another note, because so much emphasis has been laid on being a housewife, women have been excluded from the leadership roles of the church in earlier traditions. They were not allowed to hold any sort of religious authority or be considered spiritually equal to me. This ideology came much after Christ. People may argue that Christianity is demeaning and sexist to women because of the ideas some religious leaders in its history may have developed. For example, Martin Luther said, â€Å"The word and works of God is quite clear, that women were made either to be wives or prostitutes. 4 However, Jesus Christ recognized women as equals of men. According to John Paul II, Jesus always showed the greatest esteem and respect for woman. 5 He even incorporated them into his close cycle of followers. Therefore, allowing woman to be equals of men in terms of piety, just like the religion Islam. Islam claims to be a â€Å"universal† religion as it accepts all the prophets that have ever come under God’s divine guidance. The teachings of Moses and Jesus are also viewed and incorporated in Islam. From the past two religions discussed, it has become evident that the traditional role of a woman is that of a wife and a mother. Likewise, Islam has laid out the same roles for women. The man is the leader of the home, he deals with all of the external businesses while the woman does the other. The Holy Quran says, â€Å"Men are appointed guardians over women. †6 A woman is emotionally strong, bears children and looks after them, has influence over her husband’s mentality, and plays a significant role in family life. Islam recognizes this significance and raises the status of a woman as Prophet Mohammed states â€Å"Paradise lies under the feet of your mother. †7 Islam respects a woman’s role so much that it has established a means of achieving paradise by being dutiful to ones mother. Another role of a Muslim woman is to obtain an education. This role is not found in either Christianity or Judaism because, according to religious leaders, education would lead to a woman neglecting her duties as a wife and mother. The leader of Islam thought otherwise; prophet Mohammed states, â€Å"Seeking knowledge is obligatory upon every Muslim man and woman. †8 Islam says a woman does not have to obtain an education just to go out and work; rather a woman should be obtaining an education to improve her overall character and benefit her family. In order to raise educated and mannered children, the mother needs to be educated herself. If the next generation is raised in the right manner, it will grow to become a better society. Therefore, educated women play a significant role in the positive progression of society as a whole. At this point, it is evident that Judaism, Christianity, and Islam share a commonality in addressing the roles of women. The primary role of a woman in all three religions is that of preserving the unity of her home. She is to look after her children, making sure they grow up under good circumstances. She is also to devote her self to her husband and provide for his needs. In all three religions, women have not been given the privilege of taking on roles of religious leadership. Particularly in Judaism and Islam, women are exempt from fulfilling certain commandments and are not obliged to go to the Synagogue or Mosque to offer prayers. However, they do not stop a woman from carrying on with these commandments if she wishes to do so. A more important issue that needs to be discussed in this essay is how to incorporate these traditional roles with modern life. The modern society is still patriarchal and will always be. Men are dominant, not only according to religion, but nature and society as well. Christianity and Judaism discourage women from obtaining an education because that might affect their performance as wives and mothers. However, feminism in the modern society demands that women obtain an education, and apply it to the work force. Women out in the work force had disturbed the balance of the home greatly. Nowadays, the value of a mother is not properly understood because she has listened to the calls of the world, leaving her primary duties as a wife and mother behind. Religion made it easy for a woman to live, as her husband would financially support her while she stabilized the home. It seems that men also require that their wives help in raising the income of the family, which in most cases, leaves the children with less attention than needed. In order to have harmony in an institution, there needs to be a leader. Marriage is an institution in which a man has been appointed the leader. If this leadership is preserved, there will be harmony in the marriage. Islam has allowed a little more liberalism to women than Judaism and Christianity when it says that if a husband is in need, his wife can work to help him out. This teaching can be easily observed in today’s modern age. Many Muslim women live by their traditional roles. Their utmost duty is unto their children, once they have that under control, they may wish to work and help their husband in increasing the income of their homes. Doing this is completely abiding by Islamic tradition whereas, it would not be with the other two traditions as they have strictly given women the role of homemaker. It is challenging for Christian and Jewish women to abide by their traditions because of the demanding needs of society. However, there are still women of these faiths today that practice their traditional roles. The Jewish Synagogue has come to accept women into leadership roles of the church. Likewise, Christianity also recognizes that women can be pious and demonstrate leadership abilities in the church. For example, nuns devote their entire lives to the serve of Christianity and maintaining purity. On the other hand, women in Islam are known to be equals of men in terms of spirituality, but cannot lead prayer in the mosque. The modern society demands leadership of women in the institutions of society but religious tradition requires them to stay at home and let their men do the work. Furthermore, modernism has take over this age, leaving religion behind. These traditional roles, despite being for the betterment of society, have been reduced in importance. Conclusively, men and women have been assigned certain roles to help them go through life. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam command women to submit themselves to their husbands and the service of their homes. These religions show that in order for there to be harmony in the home, the roles and responsibilities must be divided between husband and wife. In terms of leadership, Christianity and Judaism went from discouraging women to participate in religious offering to allowing them to accept seats in the hierarchy of the church or synagogue. This change is cause by the growing need of feminism, the thought that there should be more women in power. Islam remains the same today, as women are still not allowed to lead prayer in the mosque. However, Muslim women are permitted to take on leadership roles in society, just like Christian and Jewish women. It is important to understand that the principal teachings of these religions have not changed but women have merely stepped away from them and have called for a feminist reform. These teachings still remain the true teachings of the three religions and there are many women in the world who still abide by them. Particularly, the traditional role of a woman has been, and will always remain that of the homemaker, whether they chose to live by it or not.

Meditation and The Works of Descartes essays

Meditation and The Works of Descartes essays Rene Descartes starts his First meditation with the description of false beliefs, which are common for everyone since early years. He writes that in order to build firm basis of scientific knowledge one has to doubt every uncertain belief he has. From the very beginning Descartes writes that its not rational and not objective to trust senses only, as they are likely to be false, moreover being mistaken by sensual assumptions once, it may turn into common practice. Nevertheless, under many conditions sensual perception may be correct, Descartes writes about a number of cases for which such techniques cannot be applied. Descartes writes about a number of conditions, which may influence sensual perception of surrounding world. In general the method he had developed is known as skeptical hypotheses. Descartes uses a certain number of scenarios to prove that sensual perception or empiricism may be false under a number of circumstances. For example he demonstrates how beliefs may be false if he is dreaming, if he is mad or if he is deceived by demons. He writes that in case he is mad he may believe different senseless things (for example that his own head is pumpkin). In case he is dreaming he may believe that he is sitting near a fire, but in reality there would be nothing like this. The same thing would happen if he were deceived by demons, as everything which superpowers show him would have no relation to reality. First meditation shows the premises for fundamental approach to the rational reasoning, which is essential in scientific methods. Descartes formulates his rule that nothing should be believed if it has any obvious uncertainty, in other words he concluded that its important to avoid including hasty conclusions and prejudices into ones discourses. Descartes says that only pure and firm facts, which cannot be questioned or opposed logically, should form true knowledge or reflect objective reality. Mental activ...

South African Population Registration Act of 1950

South African Population Registration Act of 1950 South Africas Population Registration Act No. 30 (commenced on July 7) was passed in 1950 and defined in clear terms who belonged to a particular race. Race was defined by physical appearance and the act required people to be identified and registered from birth as belonging to one of four distinct racial groups: White, Coloured, Bantu (Black African), and Other. It was one of the pillars of Apartheid. When the law was implemented, citizens were issued identity documents and race was reflected by the individuals Identity Number. The Act was typified by humiliating tests which determined race through perceived linguistic and/or physical characteristics. The wording of the Act was imprecise, but it was applied with great enthusiasm: A White person is one who is in appearance obviously white - and not generally accepted as Coloured - or who is generally accepted as White - and is not obviously Non-White, provided that a person shall not be classified as a White person if one of his natural parents has been classified as a Coloured person or a Bantu... A Bantu is a person who is, or is generally accepted as, a member of any aboriginal race or tribe of Africa... A Coloured is a person who is not a White person or a Bantu... Racial Test The following elements were used for determining the Coloureds from the Whites: Skin colorFacial featuresCharacteristics of the persons hair on their headCharacteristics of the persons other hairHome language and the knowledge of AfrikaansThe area where the person livesThe persons friendsEating and drinking habitsEmploymentSocioeconomic status The Pencil Test If the authorities doubted the color of someones skin, they would use a pencil in hair test. A pencil was pushed in the hair, and if it remained in place without dropping, the hair was designated as frizzy hair and the person would then be classified as colored. If the pencil dropped out of the hair, the person would be deemed white. Incorrect Determination Many decisions were wrong, and families wound up being split and/or evicted for living in the wrong area. Hundreds of colored families were reclassified as white and in a handful of instances, Afrikaners were designated as colored.  In addition, some Afrikaner parents abandoned children with frizzy hair or children with dark skin who were considered outcasts. Other Apartheid Laws The Population Registration Act No. 30 worked in conjunction with other laws passed under the apartheid system. Under the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act of 1949, it was illegal for a white person to marry someone of another race. The Immorality Amendment Act of 1950 made it a crime for a white person to have sex with someone from another race. Repeal of The Population Registration Act The South African Parliament repealed the act on June 17, 1991. However, the racial categories set forth by the act are still ingrained in the culture of South Africa. They also still underlie some of the official policies designed to remedy past economic inequalities. Source War Measures Continuation. Population Registration. South African History Online, June 22, 1950.

The role of nursing theory in nursing education, research, and Essay

The role of nursing theory in nursing education, research, and clinical practice - Essay Example Nursing theories help in generating further knowledge in the field of nursing. Though some theories may differ and can be confusing to the nurses, they are all meant to provide additional information to the nurses. Nursing theories are supposed to form the basis of practice, in that they lay down the foundation and provide a framework upon which training is based on. Before the training starts, it is important to bring out some ideas and concepts, which will help the students to comprehend the training process. The theories act as a form of introduction, thus preparing the nurses for the practice (Parker and Smith, 2010). One will find that other professions have theories that help in establishing a unique approach to the different aspects involved in that particular discipline. Since nursing is also a profession, it is important for it to have its own theories that will help the nurses to understand their role and purpose in the medical sector. Nurses need to be recognized in their own profession and this can be achieved by establishing a unique body of knowledge and concepts. Therefore, nursing theories play a role in establishing the professionalism in Nursing by providing a different approach to health care and treatment from the one used by doctors. They play an important role in creating a boundary between medicine and nursing. They help in defining a nurse’s role in the hospital, medical field, or medical practice (Ahmad, 2010). Nursing theories play a role in reinforcing nursing practices for they provide education required in treatment and care of the patients. They help the nurses to understand why a certain procedure is carried out in a certain manner and help the students to react in an appropriate manner when faced by a particular situation. By providing the education needed, the nurses are able to carry out the actual practices that their nursing

Analysis of an Historian's Arguement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analysis of an Historian's Arguement - Essay Example The Rabbinites based a legal and religious system on the Talmud, which is a practice that continues to the modern day. It is the socio-cultural and political relationship between these two sects that Marina Rustow surveys in her in her historical work Heresy and the Politics of Community1. Her scholarship about marriage in particular shows that arranged-type marriages demonstrate a series of strategic maneuvers to accomplish the goals of families, regardless of religious affiliations. In many ways, and through many primary sources, Rustow shows the Jewish marriage practice at the time to be very much a business-like decision, with rights, legal proxies, and contracts2. Rustow’s extensive details of the marriages between members of the two communities demonstrates broad yet through historical scholarship, and will leave a lasting impact on how the historians view the relationship between the Rabbinites and Qaraites. Rustow’s conclusions give us reason to change our perception of the Rabbinites and Qaraites as socially competing or mutually exclusive. Marriage, a cohesive factor bringing people legally and spiritually together, seemed to soften the boundaries between â€Å"Rabbanite† and â€Å"Qaraite† such that the two categories were neither absolute nor mutually exclusive. She gives the example of Yosef who became a Rabbanite, to, as she says, â€Å"in order to facilitate his transition to the Jewish community in Fustat†3. This anecdote suggests that the lines between Qaraite, which is the community Yosef had grown up a part of, and Rabbanite, the community that he ultimately joins to transition into the Jewish community, were not as starkly opposed as is traditionally thought. In fact, it may be said that instead of treating each other as theological and political enemies, the two groups depended on each other financially and socially for support. In the chapter o n marriages, Rustow makes this clear by investigating and commenting on the extent to which

Best practices when offshoring business intelligence Essay Example for Free

Best practices when offshoring business intelligence Essay Ted Kempf in his article in VarBusiness credits Gartner Dataquest with the following definition for Business Intelligence; â€Å"a user-centered process for of exploring data, data relationships and trends, thereby helping improve overall decision making† (Kempf, 2001). US companies today are setting up business-intelligence technology for the purpose of processing the incessant flow of information they receive. These companies gather this information so they can maintain and build customer relationships and make sound business decisions in a timely manner. A Gartner Dataquest study revealed that the primary reason for companies investing in business-intelligence applications is to ensure they have available the information to assist them in making real-time business decisions. Even though the current trend is to outsource IT initiatives overseas to save costs, the rationale in doing the same for business intelligence is questionable. This is because business intelligence (like data ware housing) is not a technical exercise and requires business knowledge. It is iterative and business-focused in nature (Consilvio, 2003). She insists that offshoring BI presents the biggest risk for ETL (extract, transform and load) because it is grossly underestimated. For this reason, Robert Mitchell, in his article in Computerword, even goes as far as saying that the threat for offshoring is overstated (Mitchell, 2006). In her article for Computerworld, Maria Consilvio lists some of the best practices for offshoring business intelligence. They include: ? Set up tight specifications ? Start with an approach similar to staff-augmentation Define service levels which are appropriate for your expectations. ? Keep an onshore presence as representation for the business knowledge. This enables the life cycle to be quick turn. ? Ensure that the development team is reactive to feedback so that business feedback can be translated to technical specifications. ? Offshore the long term projects with more stable requirements. ? Ensure requirements are defined to such a level that the technical resource does not necessarily have to have the business knowledge. Determine beforehand the restrictions placed on exiting the contractas such contracts may not have defined end or start dates as a result of the fluid nature of BI. ? Audit offshore tools and, as much as possible, insist on scalable tools. ? Equip the onshore team with systems integration, project management and deliver management skills In support of the best practice procedures above, William McKnight of McKnight Associates suggests the following as excerpted from his 2003 article in Computerworld: ON-SITE * Set up benchmarking and service-level criteria * Establish business rules * Maintain (create/translate) business knowledge * Involve users in data warehouse decisions * Ensure application support after development OFF-SITE * Set up an enforcement mechanism for business rules * Establish expertise in tools, such as data cleansing, automated extractors, dashboards and real-time delivery * Application development * Application support and project maintenance REFERENCES Consilvio, Jean. (2003). BI: Last to Leave. Computerworld, December 12. Kempf, Ted. (2001). Business-Intelligence Apps: Companies want them, but are emerging integrators prepared to deliver? VarBusiness, November 6. McGee, Marianne Kolbasuk. (2006). You Vs. Offshoring U. S. tech pros are surprisingly upbeat, and pay is on the rise. But the job outlook is anything but warm and fuzzy. InformationWeek, April 24. Mitchell, Robert L. (2006). Why Good Technologists Are Hard to Find. Computerworld, March 20.

Analysis of Sula by Toni Morrison Essay -- Nel Wright Sula Peace Morr

Analysis of Sula by Toni Morrison Toni Morrison wrote a touching story of two childhood friends who test the bonds of friendship and love. Throughout the story there are many themes that implore the reader to look more in depth at their meanings and consequences. The main theme throughout the book is that of friendship. In the novel we are introduced to two young girls from very different backgrounds, Sula and Nel. These two girls are like two sides of one person; they know each other's thoughts, "a compliment to one was a compliment to the other." Although they appear to be best friends through much of the novel, they betray one another in the end. As the reader follows along with the story it becomes quite obvious that Sula and Nel are polar opposites in their actions and their lifestyles. Sula depended upon Nel for sturdiness and comfort, while Nel preferred the unpredictable nature of her counterpart. They used the other's lifestyle to compensate for their shortcomings by placing themselves in the other's surroundings. When Sula visited Nel's home, she was comfortable in it, while Nel regarded the oppressive neatness with dread, but felt comfortable in it, with Sula. In the same way, Sula found comfort within the walls of the Wright home. They took solace in each other's presence. Each one finds comfort in what the other finds bothersome. Sula dislikes her disheveled house, and wishes that she could live in the clean house of Nel's. Nel likes the homeliness of Sula's house. Abandonment plays a major role in the novel as well. This theme is evident in many different points in the story. Boy-Boy, Sula's grandfather, leaves Eva, Sula's grandmother, after a long unhealthy marriage. He left her w... ...ple's fears of death and make them realize that it is unpredictable, many people of the Bottom die in a presentation following the annual parade. Sula and Nel are two halves of a whole. The conforming Nel searches for a sense of order in her life when she marries Jude at a young age, which in the end seems to fail in giving her a happy life. Sula, on the other hand, opposes the conventions of society and ends her life rather satisfied. Throughout the novel there were many themes present. Ms. Morrison did a wonderful job of writing an entertaining story while providing the reader with many opportunities to look for deeper meanings and analyze the story. In looking for a deeper meaning the reader is presented with an unforgettable portrait of the effects friendship and love on a relationship. Works Cited: Morrison, Toni. Sula. Plume. New York: 1973.

Shawshank Redemption Under the 4 Frames of Organizational Views

I. Problema â€Å"Shawshank Redemption† Brief Summary: Andy Dufresne a young and successful banker is sent to Shawshank Prison for the murder of his wife and secret lover. When he first arrives in prison he is very isolated and lonely. With time he realizes there is something deep within every man, that no other can touch, that will help him get through this phase in his life. This element is Hope. Andy becomes friends with prison ‘fixer' Red  and becomes influential within the prison, with both guards and inmates. Andy epitomizes why it is crucial to have dreams.His spirit and determination, leads him to plan one of the most elaborate prison breaks in Shawshank and filled with courage and desire he completes his daring escape. Political Issues The 2 biggest political issues we see in this movie is the relationship between the guards and the prisoners, and the warden stand on Andy’s meaning to him. The only way to have an easier sentence and have good relationsh ips with the guards is the use of buying them and having them be quiet and silent or noisy and violent when necessary.This is seeing in the movie when guards walk by and ignore acts of rape or violence, or when they act upon their own instincts to punish or abuse another prisoner, to make a statement. This helps create a reputation among not only the guards; but the prisoners. With some of them, knowing how to use the guards to their benefit and that allows them to create factions for other motives. The relationship Andy established with Red (Morgan Freeman) can also be viewed as a political movement towards neutrality, and avoid being casted in a specific prison group, faction or movement.The way the Warden treats Andy during the whole movie is a use of extreme political power. Authority based on state powers which is used for individual benefits and be subdued when necessary. Using Andy when needed and punishing him when he gets out of line. Creating the relationship of power and authority. Symbolic Issues It’s hard to pinpoint what the administrative characters symbolize, since most of them play to their roles exactly to what we expect from them. The warden for example plays a rough, violent, political figure which is seeing by the way he runs the prison.The guards are the typical peons in a chess game, where they don’t ask why things happen, they just obey their orders. Personally I believe that 4 characters make up the individual in the movie. We might see ourselves in any of these characters. Red (Morgan Freeman) The Best Friend. The man who knows the ins and out of the prison. It’s been there for a long time and has created a neutral or conformist position on the issues that arise. Viewed as the person nobody can hate; because of his easy going attitude and willingness to help the ones that seek him. Brooks Hatlen (James Whitmore)The grandfather of the group. Silent but participate, his opinion holds good power because he has become institutionalized by the prison, by age. When let free from prison, we can’t deal with the outside burdens and feels disconnected from the present world. He kills himself and we see him as retired old man, without family of friends, with no motive to live. A depressed old man. Andy Dufrasne (Tim Robbins) The hero of the movie. Manages to be likeable; but strong enough to convey a stand against abusive authority. Playing your cards in a well thought out game to reach the conclusion you need.Andy not only escapes from prison; but also shines the light on the corrupt system the prison was having. Tommy Williams (Gil Bellows) The loose gun. That person we see on our lives that we can’t get through to. Could be a son, a brother or a close friend. Even though we know the bad things, we believe there is still hope to save him and have him change. When he is murdered in the movie, we think to our selves, It was too late for him. He already dug up his tomb. There’s alwa ys someone in our lives that we wish we could save. ———————————————————————II. Some Unconscious Aspects of Organizations Help create a Psychological Frame from this Article From reading the lecture, I won’t bother in recreating each aspect of the stories. Instead I will try to create and explain the postulates, that I believe, make up the psychological frame. Also I’ll link personal examples to the postulates. 1. Organizations are always linked to the person who creates them From hiring the first employees and creating the standards of supervision. Companies will always remember the person who created them.Some companies create Principles or Values, to linger the essence of the first â€Å"settler†. a. Personal example: The Company Mars Inc. known mostly for Chocolate and PetCare food, has been always a private, family owned company. As soon as new employees are hired, they are treated as â€Å"associates† and taught the 5 family principles, to longer stretch the Mars Philosophy of work. 2. Human Aspect will be translated from founder to organization Any aspect or specific personality the founder has, will be shown on either company view or work style.Not only Unconscious Aspects talks about this translation happening; but also Perfection or Bust, talks about an Obsessive Compulsive Company. b. Personal Example: An accounting company founded by a man that likes to commit to a lot of contracts, without evaluating the resources on hand. A compulsive man that reacts before analyzing and then becomes harsh upon reviewing results. 3. Change in governing factors are related to change in employees, and might be temporary Even though must companies maintain a certain style of work and certain way to act upon the public eye; these aspects might change or evolve with time.Most compani es are viewed by the people who employ the company at that moment. That’s why opinions may vary from time to time, depending on who holds management. c. Personal Example: P&G has been viewed as a conservative company, by others in the industry. A public company, result oriented in which whoever works there, must be extremely efficient and intelligent to achieve a position. Other General Manager have tried to create a more liberal and laid back style of work; but have been put out by upper management; but during those times, the companies style and opinion was different. . Development of employees is more of an indoctrination The training of the job, will come tied to the ideology of the company. Created by the founder of the company. This way, the work style and culture is propagated by the same employees and on hand-training. d. Personal Example: Both P&G and Mars Inc. , create online assessment, where the company’s history and culture is explained in detail. Helping the employee or associate get acquainted with the company’s culture.

Essentials of a Valid Contract Essay

To be enforceable by law an agreement must possess the essential elements of a valid contract as laid down by Sec. 10 of Contract Act in the following terms; ‘All agreements are contracts if they are made by the free consent of parties competent to contract, for a lawful consideration and with a lawful object, and are not hereby expressly declared to be void. ’ Following are the conditions for validity of the contract in detail. 1. Offer and Acceptance: There must be an agreement based on a lawful offer made by one party and a lawful acceptance of that offer from the other party. The adjective lawful implies that the offer and acceptance must satisfy the requirements of the Contract Act in relation thereto. 2. Legal Relationship: The parties must have intended their agreement to have legal consequences and legal obligations. Agreements of a social or domestic nature do not contemplate legal relations, and as such they do not give rise to a contract. 3. Lawful Consideration: Consideration means something in return (quid pro quo). For a valid contract both parties must have provided consideration, i. e. each side must promise to give or do something for other. However, it must be legal, real, harmless and not immoral. 4. Competent Parties: The parties to an agreement must be competent to contract. The contracting parties must be of the age of majority and of sound mind and must not be disqualified by any law to which they are subject. (Section 11) 5. Free Consent: Free consent of all parties is another essential element. Consent means that the parties must have agreed upon same things in the same sense. Consent is said to be free if it is not obtained by coercion, undue influence, fraud, misrepresentation or mistake. (Section 14) 6. Lawful Object: Object means ‘the purpose of entering into a contract’. For the formation of a valid contract it is also necessary that the parties to an agreement must agree for a lawful object. According to Sec. 23 the object of an agreement is lawful, if it is Not forbidden by law; Not fraudulent; or Not involves or implies injury to the person or property of another Not regarded immoral by the Court Not opposed to public policy. Not immoral. 7. Not Expressly Declared Void: The agreement must not have been expressly declared to be void under the Act. Sec. 24-30 and Sec56 specifies certain types of expressly declared void agreements: Agreement in restrain of marriage, trade, or legal proceedings. (sec. 26,27,27) Agreement by way of wager. (sec. 30) Agreement to do impossible acts. (sec. 56) Agreement the meaning of which is not certain. (sec. 29) 8. Writing and Registration: The prescribed legal formalities of writing, registration, etc. necessary for the agreement to be enforceable by law must have been observed. It must be in writing, properly attested by witnesses and registered if so required by law. The absence of any of the essentials explained above will not result in a valid contract but a void contract.

Free Essays on Alexander The Great

Alexander the Great By: Robin Fox Lane Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia, conqueror of the Persian Empire and one of the greatest military geniuses of all times, had many books written about his life and deeds. The book that was read for this term paper was a biography called, â€Å"Alexander the Great.† Robin Lane Fox wrote this biography in 1974. The book goes into great detail about Alexander’s early life, to his intense and magnificent battles, to his sensitive and generous personality. In this paper, I will describe how Alexander came to be king of Macedonia, his conquests to unite Asia, and his mental weakness that drove him to die a lonesome death. In an amazing eleven-year journey of conquest, Alexander the Great, of Macedonia, conquered all the way from Egypt to India. Following his reign came Greek institutions and the Greek language, which became the standard way of the ancient world. On the day that Alexander was born, the temple of Diana at Ephesus burned to the ground. People thought that this was an omen, or a sign that the force that would eventually destroy Asia had entered the world. That force was young Alexander. Alexander was born in Pella, the ancient capital of Macedonia. He was the son of Philip II, the king of Macedonia, and of Olympias, a princess of Epirius. Philip and Olympias had noticed that their son had matured very early and had potential for greatness. They quickly started to plan his education. His first teacher, Leonidas, was a relative to the family and was very harsh on Alexander. He taught him how to survive off very simple living, which would later help him in his journey to conquer Asia. His next teacher was Lysimachus, who taught Alexander about music, poetry, and drama. This was not enough for Alexander, and Philip and Olympias wanted only the best for their son, so when he was thirteen, they hired Aristotle to be Alexander’s personal tutor. Under Aristotle, Alex... Free Essays on Alexander the Great Free Essays on Alexander the Great Alexander the Great By: Robin Fox Lane Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia, conqueror of the Persian Empire and one of the greatest military geniuses of all times, had many books written about his life and deeds. The book that was read for this term paper was a biography called, â€Å"Alexander the Great.† Robin Lane Fox wrote this biography in 1974. The book goes into great detail about Alexander’s early life, to his intense and magnificent battles, to his sensitive and generous personality. In this paper, I will describe how Alexander came to be king of Macedonia, his conquests to unite Asia, and his mental weakness that drove him to die a lonesome death. In an amazing eleven-year journey of conquest, Alexander the Great, of Macedonia, conquered all the way from Egypt to India. Following his reign came Greek institutions and the Greek language, which became the standard way of the ancient world. On the day that Alexander was born, the temple of Diana at Ephesus burned to the ground. People thought that this was an omen, or a sign that the force that would eventually destroy Asia had entered the world. That force was young Alexander. Alexander was born in Pella, the ancient capital of Macedonia. He was the son of Philip II, the king of Macedonia, and of Olympias, a princess of Epirius. Philip and Olympias had noticed that their son had matured very early and had potential for greatness. They quickly started to plan his education. His first teacher, Leonidas, was a relative to the family and was very harsh on Alexander. He taught him how to survive off very simple living, which would later help him in his journey to conquer Asia. His next teacher was Lysimachus, who taught Alexander about music, poetry, and drama. This was not enough for Alexander, and Philip and Olympias wanted only the best for their son, so when he was thirteen, they hired Aristotle to be Alexander’s personal tutor. Under Aristotle, Alex... Free Essays on Alexander The Great Why hello. Thank you for taking an interest in my life, as you already know I am Alexander the great. You’re probably wondering why I have such a cool nickname as â€Å"the Great† huh? Well, stick around and listen to what I have to say about myself and then you can be the judge on whether or not I should be known as Alexander the Great, or Alexander the Best. Sorry, just a little joke. Obviously I can’t give you a life story day by day, so here’s my life in a nutshell. The miraculous year that I was born was 356 B.C. That makes me (pretty damn old) 2,358 years young. I was born into royalty in Pella, Macedonia, being my father was King Philip II, and my mother Queen Olympias. As most of you already know all great figures want the best for their children, so for my education I was tutored by Aristotle; one of the greatest minds to ever live. Since I was heir to the thrown I supported and backed my father 100%. I fought many campaigns for my father, but after I let my temper loose one time I was sent into exile with a few of my companions. I returned after the death of my father in 336 B.C., in which Darius had believed to be involved in, and was hailed as king, although I was careful to eliminate any possible rivals to the throne. This started the path to becoming â€Å"the Great.† I had to clean up so to speak, what my father had already started and undertook the invasion of Asia. Now with me as the â€Å"commander-in-chief† my first goal was to restore a sense of stability back to the League of Cornith (the League of Cornith was a league formed of Greek city-states, held together by treaties and alliances) that was starting to break apart. I felt it was my job to prove myself to my followers, townspeople, and most of all my father. I began by executing all potential enemies of Philip in court. My father would have been so proud of me for that (sniffle, sniffle). My next mission was to regain support of all ... Free Essays on Alexander the Great Alexander the Great, was born in June, 356 BC, in Pella, the ancient capital of Macedonia. His parents were Philip II and Olympia. Some say that Zeus was his father but it is probably just a myth. Aristotle taught Alexander in his early teen years. He stimulated his interest in science, medicine, and philosophy. In the summer of 336 BC, Alexander's father was assassinated, and Alexander ascended to the Macedonian throne. He found himself surrounded by enemies at home and threatened by civilizations all over. But Alexander disposed of quickly of all his enemies by ordering their execution. Then he took off to Thessaly, where partisans of independence had gained ascendancy, and restored Macedonian rule. Before the end of the summer of 336 BC as general of the Greeks in a campaign against the Persians, originally planned by his father before he croaked, he carried out a successful campaign against the defecting Thracians, penetrating to the Danube River. On his return he crushed in a single week the threatening Illyrians and then again took of to Thebes, which had revolted. He took the city by storm and razed it, sparing only the temples of the gods and the house of the Greed lyric poet Pindar, and selling the surviving inhabi ¬ tants, about 8000 in number, into slavery. Alexander's promptness in crushing the revolt of The ¬ bes brought the other Greek states into instant submission. Alexander began his war against Persia in the spring of 334 BC by crossing the Hellespont (now Dardanelles) with an army of 35,000 Macedonian and Greek troops: his chief officers, all Macedonians, included Antigonus, Ptolemy, and Seleucus. At the river Granicus, near the ancient city of Troy, he attacked an army of Persians and Greek soldiers which totaled 40,000 men. His forces slatured the enemy and according to tradition, only lost 110 men! After this battle all the stated of Asia Minor submitted to Alexander. Continuing south,... Free Essays on Alexander The Great Alexander the Great was a great military leader for many reasons. His life was filled with events that would provide him with valuable experience. The people with whom he was close while growing up urged him to try his hardest, and this also contributed to his great leadership. In the following paper, I will explain how Alexander’s parents and education, among other things, helped him to gain the necessary experience and qualities of a good leader, and how he used this experience as he got older and became a greater military leader. Alexander’s youth played a great role in his development into a great military leader. Many aspects of his youth contributed to this development, including his parents, his education, and the military experience he had early on in his life. Alexandros was born in the summer of 356 BC to Philip II and Olympias (â€Å"Alexander the Great† 1). Alexander’s parents both wanted him to become a great leader, both pushing him to do his best. When Alexander was young, his mother, Olympias, poisoned Philip’s other son so that he could not compete with Alexander. She also once commanded Cleopatra to commit suicide, and then threw Cleopatra’s infant son into a fire (Roselle 28). Alexander received not only support from his mother, but probably inherited her hot temper. One of the men who played the greatest role in Alexander’s life was his father, Philip II. As Alexander was growing up, Philip always treated him like an adult, and Alexander in turn treated him with respect (Gunther 8). This bond between father and son was never broken, although it was weakened by one event. When Alexander was a teenager, his father and he got into an argument, and Alexander then ran away from home. Alexander soon returned, and although he and his father made peace, he never actually forgave his father (â€Å"Alexander the Eckert 2 Great† 1). There was one other man who affected Alexander’s life near ly as much as Philip did. ... Free Essays on Alexander the Great Voltaire quickly chose literature as a career. Advertisement He began moving in aristocratic circles and soon became known in Paris salons as a brilliant and sarcastic wit. A number of his writings, particularly a lampoon accusing the French regent Philippe II, duc d'Orlà ©ans of heinous crimes, resulted in his imprisonment in the Bastille. During his 11-month detention, Voltaire completed his first tragedy, Å’dipe, which was based upon the Å’dipus tyrannus of the ancient Greek dramatist Sophocles, and commenced an epic poem on Henry IV of France. Å’dipe was given its initial performance at the Thà ©Ãƒ ¢tre-Franà §ais in 1718 and received with great enthusiasm. The work on Henry IV was printed anonymously in Geneva under the title of Poà ¨me de la ligue (Poem of the League, 1723). In his first philosophical poem, Le pour et le contre (For and Against), Voltaire gave eloquent expression to both his anti-Christian views auuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuucreed. A quarrel with a member of an illustrious French family, the chevalier de Rohan, resulted in Voltaire's second incarceration in the Bastille, from which he was released within two weeks on his promise to quit France and proceed to England. Accordingly he spent about two years in London. Voltaire soon mastered the English language, and in order to prepare the British public for an enlarged edition of his Poà ¨me de la ligue, he wrote in English two remarkable essays, one on epic poetry and the other on the history of civil wars in France. For a few years the Catholic, autocratic French government prevented the publication of the enlarged edition of Poà ¨me de la ligue, which was retitled La Henriade (The Henriad). The government finally allowed the poem to be published in 1728. This work, an eloquent defense of religious toleration, achieved an almost unprecedented success, not only in Voltaire's native France but throughout all of the continent of Europe as well. III. Popularity at CourtP... Free Essays on Alexander The Great Alexander the Great was king of the Macedonians and one of the greatest generals in history. Alexander was born in 356 as the son of the Macedonian king Philip II (359-336). Alexander the Great was born in 356 B.C. His father, Philip, was the brother of King Perdiccas III of Macedon or Macedonia, in northern Greece. His mother was Philip's wife Olympias, daughter of King Neoptolemus I of Epirus, in modern Albania. Alexander had a younger sister, Cleopatra (not the famous Egyptian queen). Unfortunately for Alexander and Cleopatra, their parents hated each other. In keeping with Macedonian tradition, Philip had several lesser wives, and Olympias regarded these other women and their children with great animosity. When one of her rivals gave birth to a retarded son, Philip Arridaeus, it was rumored that Olympias had caused his disability with poison. Olympias told Alexander that Philip wasn't his real father, but this probably wasn't true. Philip certainly seems to have believed that Ale xander was his son. He made sure the boy was well educated; the great philosopher Aristotle was one of Alexander's tutors. At the age of 13, Aristotle was hired to be Alexander’s private tutor. Aristotle inspired interests of politics, other races of people and countries, plants and animals, and a great love for literature in Alexander. He was an outstanding athlete and excelled in every sport of his time. In 338 B.C., at the age of 18, Alexander led the cavalry of his father’s army in the Battle of Chaeronea, which brought Greece under Macedonian control. At the age of 20, Alexander’s father was murdered by one of his bodyguards, and Alexander succeeded the throne as king of Macedonia. After his father's murder in 336 B.C. Alexander became King Alexander III. After Alexander’s father died, some Greek cities under Macedonian rule revolted. In 335 B.C., He had several rival claimants to the throne executed, including his cousin Amyntas, whose t... Free Essays on Alexander the Great Alexander the Great By: Lynn E-mail: moninghoff@yhoo.com Who is â€Å"Great†? In history there are few people who can be termed â€Å"Great† and even fewer who deserve to be called so. Alexander, the son of King Phillip of the Macedonians, was one of these truly â€Å"Great† people. He not merely ruled the largest know empire, was declared a God, lead his troops in battle, and conquered foreign cities, his first being at the age of sixteen, but he did it all within a thirteen year time period. Not only did he do all of this, but also it was done within thirteen years. When Alexander became the new King of Macedonia, many believed him to be to young to rule. They felt that he didn’t have the experience needed to be their new leader. They had no way of knowing of the many things that he would come to accomplish in such a short time period. Alexander’s first great accomplishment occurred when he was just sixteen years old. At this time, his father went away to war leaving Alexander to serve as a regent of Ma cedon. During his father’s absence, Alexander led an expedition to a wild region that is now known as modern day Bulgaria. Once there, he subdued the rebellious barbarians and established his first city, Alexandropolis. On the return from his trip, King Philip was so impressed by his son’s achievement that he appointed him a general in the royal army. (www.mrdowlings.com) When Alexander turned his attack towards Persia, his forces were much smaller than his opponent’s. Alexander’s army conquered Persia anyway, by winning a series of battles in which his troops were better trained and organized than the Persian army. His soldiers also admired Alexander because of his personal participation in the battles. He led his soldiers into battle instead of remaining behind the lines as was common for military leaders to do at that time. This allowed the troops to see that Alexander was sharing their danger, and was not asking the... Free Essays on Alexander The Great Alexander the Great, Hybris – Nemesis Life In the life of Alexander the Great, one could examine that he had a hybris-nemesis effect on the world. As a great conqueror and warrior Alexander resembled the mind a hyberistic man that created a nemesis world view in his Hellistic world. Throughout his life time one can evaluate that Alexander had a great unchecked pride that was never tested till the gods took his soul. We can also see that because of his hybris view that he could only create a world of nemesis all around him, just like that of the man that he chased all throughout his crusades of Persia the King of Kings, Dorias who may have been his greatest adversary. It is without a doubt Alexander the Great definitely lead a Hybris lifestyle that led to a Nemesis world view like the other conquerors before him. As stated by John Porter, â€Å" hybris is a tricky word. Today it is used to refer to â€Å" overweening pride,† often in very Christian terms. In antiquity, however, hybris was a form of violent arrogance or aggression that displayed itself, not in one’s attitudes, but in one’s actions.† This is exactly what Alexander the Great resembled both in life and the battlefield. When in battle Alexander would rush into battle, weather he outnumbered the enemy or the enemy outnumbered him, with battened disregard for the safety of his men or himself. In the Battle of Issus in 333 B.C. Alexander and his men charge through Dorias’ Persian army directly at Dorias, who in fear retreats and abandons his family and army. Dorias’ army discuses the battle and his family is captured and kept as Alexander’s personal servants. In these actions Alexander resembles the meaning of a â€Å"hybristic man,† as also defined by John Porter â€Å"was n ot simply a proud or arrogant man (as we have seen, the Greeks did not regard justifiable pride as a character flaw) but treated others with violence that suggested that they were in effect mere... Free Essays on Alexander the Great Alexander the Great was the king of Macedonia, conqueror of the Persian Empire, and one of the greatest military leaders of all times. Even at an early age, Alexander showed that he would a great leader. Through all his victories and conquests, he has become a great hero and has had a large impact on history. Alexander, born in 356 B.C. in Pella, the ancient capital of Macedonia, was the son of Philip II, king of Macedonia. Alexander's tutor, Aristotle, taught him from age 13 to 16 in medicine, science, and philosophy. When the time came, he was well prepared to take over the throne. In the summer of 336 B.C. Philip was assassinated, and Alexander became the new ruler of Macedonia. He soon showed his power when the large city of Thebes revolted in 335. He charged the city with mighty force and took 30,000 people as slaves. Alexander’s next attempt was to defeat Persia because he could never be the dominant force in Europe as long as the Persian ruler Darius was still living. A fter beating Persia the second and final time in 332, Darius, who managed to survive, fled to the mountains. He died in the mountains when one of his own men killed him. With Darius dead, Alexander was crowned King of Persia and became known as the king of all Asia. Babylon surrendered after Gaugamela, and the city of Susa was soon conquered. In midwinter, Alexander forced his way to Persepolis, the Persian capital. After plundering the city of its treasuries and taking other rich â€Å"booty†, however he burned the city during a drunken rage, which completed the destruction of the ancient Persian Empire. His empire now extended along and beyond the southern shores of the Caspian Sea, including modern Afghanistan and Baluchistan, and northward into Bactria and Sogdiana, the modern Western Turkistan, which is also Central Asia. It had taken Alexander only three years, from the spring of 330 B.C. to the spring of 327 B.C., to gain control of this vast empire. In or... Free Essays on Alexander The Great â€Å"Alexander the Great: Hunting For A New Past?† Paul Cartledge attempts to tell the history of the myth and legend of Alexander the Great in this article. Alexander was born to Olympias and Philip of Macedon, or was he, in 356 at the Macedonian capital of Pella. Olympias claims that Alexander was conceived not by Philip, but by the Egyptian God Amun. So the legend begins. As a teenager Alexander is said to have tamed a fiery and exorbitantly expensive Thessalian stallion called Bucephalas. This was Alexander’s horse for hunting and war. Bucephalas and Alexander were unfortunately separated when the steed died in Pakistan at the age of thirty. Alexander loved his horse so much that he named a city after him. At the age of sixteen Alexander was appointed regent of Macedon while his father was away on a campaign. To upstage his father, Alexander waged war on the Thracian people and established a new capital named after, of course, himself. To become a man though Alexander had not to conquer a city, but to hunt and kill a wild boar and a human enemy. This allowed him the right to recline at social gatherings rather than sit straight up. It is said that alcohol may have played a factor in Alexander the Great’s early death. Some scientists say that he may have become a clinical alcoholic. This cannot be proven today, but according to Cartledge his drinking habit may have led him to kill his personal companion and senior cavalry commander. Alexander was taught by Aristotle, the greatest intellectual of his time. Aristotle advised Alexander to treat all non-Greeks as barbarians. He obviously did not pay much attention to this because of his many wives were of non-Greek people. Despite all his wives it is said that Alexander may have had interest in the opposite sex. How they can prove this I am not sure, but the author wrote that he may have had at least two lovers of the opposite sex. One was a boyhood fri...

10 Facts About Chromosomes

10 Facts About Chromosomes Chromosomes are cell components that are composed of DNA and located within the nucleus of our cells. The DNA of a chromosome is so long, that it must be wrapped around proteins called histones and coiled into loops of chromatin in order for them to be able to fit within our cells. The DNA comprising chromosomes consists of thousands of genes that determine everything about an individual. This includes sex determination and inherited traits such as eye color, dimples, and freckles. Discover ten interesting facts about chromosomes. 1) Bacteria Have Circular Chromosomes Unlike the thread-like linear strands of chromosomes found in eukaryotic cells, chromosomes in prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, typically consist of a single circular chromosome. Since prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus, this circular chromosome is found in the cell cytoplasm. 2) Chromosome Numbers Vary Among Organisms Organisms have a set number of chromosomes per cell. That number varies across different species and is on average between 10 to 50 total chromosomes per cell. Diploid human cells have a total of 46 chromosomes (44 autosomes, 2 sex chromosomes). A cat has 38, lily 24, gorilla 48, cheetah 38, starfish 36, king crab 208, shrimp 254, mosquito 6, turkey 82, frog 26, and E.coli bacterium 1. In orchids, chromosome numbers vary from 10 to 250 across species. The adders-tongue fern (Ophioglossum reticulatum) has the most number of total chromosomes with 1,260. 3) Chromosomes Determine Whether You are Male or Female Male gametes or sperm cells in humans and other mammals contain one of two types of sex chromosomes: X or Y. Female gametes or eggs, however, contain only the X sex chromosome, so if a sperm cell containing an X chromosome fertilizes, the resulting zygote will be XX, or female. Alternatively, if the sperm cell contains a Y chromosome, than the resulting zygote will be XY, or male. 4) X Chromosomes Are Bigger Than Y Chromosomes Y chromosomes are about one-third the size of X chromosomes. The X chromosome represents about 5% of the total DNA in cells, while the Y chromosome represents about 2% of a cells total DNA. 5) Not All Organisms Have Sex Chromosomes Did you know that not all organisms have sex chromosomes? Organisms such as wasps, bees, and ants do not have sex chromosomes. Sex is therefore determined by fertilization. If an egg becomes fertilized, it will develop into a male. Unfertilized eggs develop into females. This type of asexual reproduction is a form of parthenogenesis. 6) Human Chromosomes Contain Viral DNA Did you know that about 8% of your DNA comes from a virus? According to researchers, this percentage of DNA is derived from viruses known as Borna viruses. These viruses infect the neurons of humans, birds and other mammals, leading to infection of the brain. Borna virus reproduction occurs in the nucleus of infected cells. Viral genes that are replicated in infected cells can become integrated into chromosomes of sex cells. When this occurs, the viral DNA is passed from parent to offspring. It is thought that Borna virus could be responsible for certain psychiatric and neurological illness in humans. 7) Chromosome Telomeres are Linked to Aging and Cancer Telomeres are areas of DNA located at the ends of chromosomes. They are protective caps that stabilize DNA during cell replication. Over time, telomeres wear down and become shortened. When they become too short, the cell can no longer divide. Telomere shortening is linked to the aging process as it can trigger apoptosis or programmed cell death. Telomere shortening is also associated with cancer cell development. 8) Cells Dont Repair Chromosome Damage During Mitosis Cells shut off DNA repair processes during cell division. This is because a dividing cell does not recognize the difference between damaged DNA stands and telomeres. Repairing DNA during mitosis could cause telomere fusion, which may result in cell death or chromosome abnormalities. 9) Males Have Increased X Chromosome Activity Because males have a single X chromosome, it is necessary for cells at times to increase gene activity on the X chromosome. The protein complex MSL helps to up-regulate or increase gene expression on the X chromosome by helping the enzyme RNA polymerase II to transcribe DNA and express more of the X chromosome genes. With the help of the MSL complex, RNA polymerase II is able to travel further along the DNA strand during transcription, thereby causing more genes to be expressed. 10) There Are Two Main Types of Chromosome Mutations Chromosome mutations sometimes occur and can be categorized into two main types: mutations that cause structural changes and mutations that cause changes in chromosome numbers. Chromosome breakage and duplications can cause several types of chromosome structural changes including gene deletions (loss of genes), gene duplications (extra genes), and gene inversions (broken chromosome segment is reversed and inserted back into the chromosome). Mutations can also cause an individual to have an abnormal number of chromosomes. This type of mutation occurs during meiosis and causes cells to have either too many or not enough chromosomes. Down syndrome or Trisomy 21 results from the presence of an additional chromosome on autosomal chromosome 21. Sources: Chromosome. UXL Encyclopedia of Science. 2002. Encyclopedia.com. 16 Dec. 2015.Chromosome Numbers For Living Organisms. Alchemipedia. Accessed 16 Dec. 2015.X chromosome Genetics Home Reference. Reviewed January 2012. Y chromosome Genetics Home Reference. Reviewed January 2010.

Lottery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Lottery - Essay Example This story was later taught to the middle school and high school students. The story talks about an American town which has an annual ritual known as â€Å"The lottery†. It is based on a life of a small village with 300 people living in it. All the residents become extremely excited along with nervous on the 27th June. Children get together and gather stones and all the adults assemble and become united for their great annual event which is linked with their local tradition which is about practicing to ensure that a good harvest is done that year (Jackson, Reg S, 1983). The process of the lottery starts by the head of each family moving forward and drawing a small slip of paper from a black box. This time Bill Hutchinson and his family were picked for drawing a small slip of paper coming out of the black box. Tessie Hutchinson who is the wife of Bill got the market slip (Jackson, S 1982). As per the process and tradition all the villages that have stone will begin to surround Tessie and finally Tessie was stoned to death by the time the story ends. Tessie knew that the situation was extremely unfair but sadly she could do anything about it. The tradition basically is that the lottery preparations start a night before, the task of making the paper slips is assigned to Mr. Graves and Mr. Summers who need to note down the list of all the families. Once the names are properly written down, the slips are kept in a black box which is safely places in the coal company for a night. Everything is closed till 10 am so that everyone can participate in the lottery tradition which takes place around the lunch time. For the first round, men who are drawing the slips need to be over sixteen years and then later on, in the second round the families draw slip no matter whatever age they are of. After the slips were picked, they were allowed to fly off the wind followed by the most brutal act of human sacrifice which this name Tessie Hutchinson had to give. Initially when the novel was published, it was considered to be an extremely controversial novel. The readers were not ready to accept the brutal and cruel reality which was explained through an implicit work of Shirley Jackson. The rituals and the traditions which were explained in the novel about the America’s small town were not something people wanted to accept or openly admit (Jackson, S, Joyce C. Oates, 2010). This cruel story is about the event of lottery which ends up in taking life of poor and innocent people without any solid reason or justification. All the villagers as per the short story gathered at the square to participate in the lottery which was conducted by Mr. Summer. All the children arrive first and gather stones as their parents ask them to do so. Tessie Hutchinson unaware of her sad and unfair future arrives late and starts talking to Mrs. Delacroix. As soon as the process begins and Hutchinson family is selected, Tessie starts protesting and thus the readers here un derstand that though the name says â€Å"The Lottery† the story is not about the family wining money or something big, it is surely something unpleasant and something which no one would want. After the family is selected in the first round, the second round makes the entire family to pick slips. There were five members in Hutchinson

Assignment 9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assignment 9 - Essay Example Firstly, with regards to the RIAA, it comes as this prize that this group fundamentally reject any form of copyright infringement and/work piracy. The most obvious reason and rationale behind this is with regards fact that the that the RIAA represents a massive number of entities that derive their profitability the fact that individuals legally acquire the products and services that they offer. However, instead of directly discussing the level of financial harm that this does to the RIAA and its bottom line, the website promotes an understanding of the fact that the individual who engages in copyright infringement and/work piracy is directly hurting the individual artist at the very lowest levels of their organization. This commons as somewhat of a surprise due to the fact that the major record companies generally cell a new CD for approximately $15-$16. Of this $15-$16, the individual artist is only receiving approximately $1.60 per records sold. As can be seen, this 10% is negligib le in terms of damages effected upon the artist himself/herself. This is of course not say that copyright infringement work high receipt has little to no effect upon the artist; however, it does help to underscore a level of understanding with regards to why the RIAA is so flagrantly and aggressively advocating the loss of profits that such a process entails. Comparatively, groups such as Piratbyran seek to promote a world in which a free flow of information is both possible and realized. Within groups such as Piraybyran, individuals believe that an alternative method of economics can readily exist that would help to connect the potential user directly to the artist thereby maximizing profitability for the one should be most rewarded and gutting the middleman out of the process entirely. Moreover, the rationale and logic of the particular position that such a group supports is with respect to an understanding that that in and of itself represents a situation in which a good is taken ceases to exist within the possession of the original holder. However, with regards to software piracy and copyright infringement, merely a copy is passed on to another individual with the primary good still being within control of the original holder; thereby signifying that no such that has taken place top Although both of these viewpoints represent reasonable approaches to the issue of copyright infringement in the way in which the world will continue to develop, it is the belief of this author that a middle ground necessarily exists. Seizing upon this middle ground, firms such as Apple and a litany of others have begun offering services such as iTunes which allow individual consumers to directly download content to their personal devices without being charged exorbitant fees they might be charged within a traditional brick and mortar store. In such a way, not only is the individual able to have access to electronic content with a mere click of the mouse, the artist is also able to derive a higher degree of profitability from their output as compared to traditional record releases that it defined so much of the past several decades. Finally, it must be understood that the moral high ground that the RIAA is seeking to take is something much less noble than it claims to